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                 The fact that no one else heard the voice reminds us of the story                        voluntary nature; symbolically the elevation offering represents
               of Elijah the prophet who mistakenly thought God was in the                                the human desire to advance spiritually or to atone for improper
               earthquake, the fire, and the storm wind but Who was instead in the                        thoughts and actions even though the Torah mandates no specific
               “small silent voice” (1 Kings 19:11-12). God is actually constantly                        sacrificial atonement. Thus, the elevation offering represents the free
               calling  us, reaching out  to  us in  a  small  silent voice through  the                  choice that all spiritual ascension requires. Although certain Temple
               circumstances of our lives.                                                                sacrifices and contemporary prayers are obligatory, performing them
                                                                                                          still requires a person to freely submit to God’s decree. As we discussed
                                                                                                          in the previous section, the fire on the altar and the sacrificial service
                                                                                                          emphasize the passion, commitment, and enthusiasm human beings
                                                                                                          bring to the service of God.

                                                                                                            The guilt or sin offerings (ashma and chatat, respectively) resonate
                                                                                                          powerfully both as rituals performed during the Temple period and in
                                                                                                          their transmuted contemporary forms. In the Temple, the sacrificial
                                                                                                          service  was  specifically  tailored  to  assist  a  person  undergoing  the
                                                                                                          teshuvah process. The cohen would guide the penitent through
                                                                                                          the mental and emotional steps needed to complete the teshuvah
                                                                                                          process and the sacrifice would serve as a vivid enactment of what
                                                                                                          could have been  the  consequences  of one’s actions. Laying one’s
                                                                                                          hands on the animal and confessing one’s sins and then watching the
                                                                                                          animal being slaughtered and offered up, in place of one’s self, was a
                                                                                                          dramatic cathartic moment. Today, in each and every daily prayer
                                                                                                          service, these offerings are recalled by the Amidah’s fifth blessing:
                                                                                                          the blessing asking God to forgive us and pardon us for our misdeeds.
                                                                                                          Furthermore, in the Morning and Afternoon Services, the Amidah
                                                                                                          is almost always followed by a segment devoted to asking God for
                                                                                                          forgiveness called Tachanun (Prayers of Supplication). This segment
                                                                                                          also takes the place of the guilt and sin offerings.

                                                                                                            Another one of the sacrifices brought was the thanksgiving offering
                                                                                                          (todah). This sacrifice, brought by those who wished to express their
                                                                                                          appreciation to God, was replaced in our prayers by Psalm 100, the
                                                                                                          Psalm of Thanksgiving (Mizmor Letodah). This psalm is recited in
                                                                                                          its entirety every day, except for Shabbat and holidays (and will be
                                                                                                          discussed at length later in our comments on Tzav). The thanksgiving
                                                                                                          offering was a type of peace offering (shelamim) brought by those who
                                                                                                          wished to express their love, praise, and appreciation for God. Much
                                                                                                          of prayer today in fact consists of praise and appreciation for God and



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