Page 84 - IELTS Preparation Grammar and Vocab

Relative clauses (1)
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Adding information about things or animals
defining relative clause (subject pronoun):
The invention that made this possible was the vacuum tube. More formally: The invention which made this
possible ...
defining relative clause (object pronoun);
The model (that) you can see in Case 1 shows how this works. More formally: The model which you can see ...
non-defining relative clause (subject and object pronoun):
Marconi opened a 'wireless telegraph' factory in England, which employed around SO people.
Marconi's 'wireless telegraph factory, which he set up in England, employed around 50 people.
Although some people use that here, it is grammatically incorrect and should be avoided in
Cambridge English: Advanced.
In both defining and non-defining relative clauses we can often use who, that or which with collective nouns
referring to groups of people (e.g. company, government, orchestra):
The company who/which/that made the first radios was set up by Marconi
BB Other words beginning relative clauses
We often use when after a noun referring to a time, or words such as day, period, time:
The first public demonstration of the power of radio came in 1901 , when Marconi announced that he had
received a transmission from across the Atlantic.
More formally, we can often use a preposition + which:
It was a period during which they met very infrequently. or... a period when ...
Less formally, we can use that or no relative pronoun in defining relative clauses:
I can still remember the time (that)! first watched television, or the time when
We often use why after reason:
You can probably guess the reason why radio began to lose some of its popularity. or informally ... the reason
(that) radio began to lose ...
We often use where after a noun referring to a location, and after the words case, condition, example, experiment,
instance, point, process, situation and systent
Move now to room 36 , where you can find information and displays.
Marconi's goal was to find a system where telegraphic messages could be transmitted.
More formally, we can use a preposition + which:
He devised an experiment in which a spark jumped across a gap in a metal ring.
We use whose + noun to talk about something belonging to or connected with a person, town, country or
organisation:
For most people, however, it is the Italian Guglielmo Marconi whose name is mainly associated with the
development of radio.
In formal uses, noun + of which can sometimes replace whose + noun:
Project Geneva is a computing project, the purpose of which is to analyse very large amounts of data on
environmental change. or Project Geneva is a computing project whose purpose is to analyse large amounts of
data on environmental change.

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