Page 116 - Student's Book IELTS 6.5-7.5

We can add these affixes to give words a negative meaning: We use the present perfect tenses to describe:
affix meaning examples s past events, if we do not say exactly when they
happened, or if the past time is not implied by the
anti- opposed to, anti-social, anti-
speaker:
against virus Brazil has won the World Cup several times.
de- the opposite of, decaffeinated, s a past event which has a result in the present:
remove, reduce decelerate Scientific research has led to the discovery of an
important new antibiotic.
dis- added to words disadvantage
to form the s something which started in the past and is still
happening now:
opposite
The authorities have been working on this project for
in- lacking, not, the inexact six months (and they’re still working on it).
il- (before l) opposite of illegal We use the present perfect with time adverbs that connect
im- (before impatient the past to the present, e.g. just, already, lately, since, so far,
b, m and p up to now, yet:
ir- (before r) irrelevant Figures have risen since 2005.
So far, little has been done to improve the situation.
-less without meaningless, careless
There has been a lot in the news about this issue lately.
mal- badly, wrongly malfunction,
The past perfect simple tense is used:
malpractice
s to indicate that we are talking about an action which
mis- badly, wrongly mispronounce, took place, or a state which existed, before another
misinterpret activity or situation in the past (which is described in the
past simple):
non- not, the opposite non-fiction, non-
When I got to the lecture theatre, the class had already
of existent
started.
over- above, more overflow, (Compare this with When I got to the lecture theatre, the
than, too much overcrowded class started. This indicates that the class started when
I arrived.)
un- not, lacking, the untidy
opposite of s typically with time expressions like: when, as soon as,
after, before, it was the first time, etc.:
under- not enough underestimate
The number of students went up for ten consecutive
years. It was the first time I’d ever flown.
Past simple, present perfect simple and past
perfect simple s with by + a time:
By 2010, it had risen to over 15,000.
We use the past simple tense to describe: s with these adverbs: already, just, never:
s something that happened at a specific time in the past: Dimitri had already done a degree in biology when he
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. decided to study medicine.
s a state at a specific time in the past:
At the time of the American Declaration of Independence, Phrasal verbs
the United States consisted of just 13 states.
Phrasal verbs are formed from:
s things which happened over a period of time in the past, 1 verb + adverb particle, e.g. read on (continue reading):
but not now: After you’ve read the introduction, you need to read on
The number of overseas students in Canadian universities
till you find the answer.
rose between 2008 and 2011.
2 verb + preposition, e.g. get into (enter):
s actions or events which happened one after the other: You’ll need high grades to get into university.
They dug the foundations, then they built the walls and
finally they put on the roof. 3 verb + adverb particle + preposition, e.g. come up with
(suggest or think of an idea or plan):
When we use the past simple, the past time is usually stated
It was Einstein who came up with the theory of relativity.
(yesterday, while he was a student, in the 18 century, etc.)
th
Phrasal verbs often have meanings which are not clear from
or clear from the context (Did you give your tutor that essay?
(i.e. when you saw him)). their component parts:
get over = recover from