Page 116 - IELTS Preparation band 5.0-6.5

The following are relative pronouns:
• this/these/that can be used as adjectives:
• Who refers to people:
Children from rural areas find it more difficult to go to
The customers who come to this shop are generally
university. Governments have tried various measures to
young and well-off.
deal with this problem.
• Which refers to things:
• one refers to a singular countable noun from a group:
I prefer going to shops which give you individual
There are several reasons why people are happier than
attention.
in the past. One (or One reason) is that they have more
• Whose refers to either people or things and adds free time.
information by mentioning something belonging to a
• he/him/his refers to the boy or man who was
person or thing:
mentioned last:
Children whose parents both work are often lonelier. Sergei sent his passport to the consulate because he
/live in a city whose districts are separated by canals.
wanted to apply for a visa.
• What means 'the thing which' and is often used after a
• she/her refers to the girl or woman who was mentioned
verb:
last.
She couldn't find what she wanted in the shop.
• that can be used to the thing which was last mentioned
• Where can:
and is often used when giving a reason:
- refer to something which happens/happened in a The number of tourists fell, and that is why hotels' income
place: also fell.
In my holidays, I go back to the village where I was
• another refers to the second or third singular countable
born.
noun in a group:
- add information about a place: There are several reasons why people are happier than in
I come from Suzhou, where there is a big computer the past. One is that they have more free time. Another is
industry. that they have more money.
• When can be used to add information about a time: • ones refers to a plural noun:
We came to Abu Dhabi in 2005, when I was 74. Children from rural areas find it more difficult to go to
• Why is used in the phrase the reason why: university than children from urban ones.
Greenhouse gases are causing global warming, and this is • other is an adjective used before uncountable nouns or
one of the reasons why we have to find forms of energy plural countable nouns:
which do not pollute the atmosphere. Some furniture is exported to Europe. Other furniture is
produced for the home market.
Unit 7 Zero, first and second conditionals

Reference devices Conditional sentences express a condition (If ... ) and the
Reference devices are used to avoid repeating the same consequence of the condition. To draw attention to the
condition, put it at the beginning of the sentence:
vocabulary too often:
If I want to discuss something important with my friends, I
Twenty-five per cent of the people in the survey said they
(the pe(Jf:Jie) would repeat the experience. usually phone them and arrange to meet.
To draw attention to the consequence, put the condition
These are some common reference devices and their uses:
after:
• it/its refers to the thing which was mentioned last: I'll call you tonight if I have time.
My country gives grants for its students to study abroad. Note: in writing, if the condition comes first, a comma is
It can also refer back to an idea or an argument: used. If the consequence comes first, no comma is used.
There has been a 20% fall in the number of tourists. It has
led to a fall in income for hotels.
Zero conditional
• they/them/their refer to people or things: If/Unless+ present tense, present tense:
There are now 20% more cars than ten years ago, but If I don't have a lot of homework to do, I go out with my
they only consume 70% more fuel. friends.
• this can also be used to refer to the thing which was It is used to express something which is always or generally
mentioned last: true.
Larger cities need more water. This has meant that there
is less water available for agriculture.

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