Page 153 - CFF
P. 153

Continuum of seriousness






         Financial statement misrepresentations can range from errors to fraud.







                                                             Errors                                     Fraud


                                                             Gross
                                  Ordinary negligence                         Constructive fraud        Fraud
                                                           negligence

                                                       No intent to deceive                         Intent to deceive


         Although earnings management and financial statement fraud require

         intent, the difference is the extent of the earnings management.








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