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Prelude to m’zungu colonisation of Africa

"Veni, Vidi,"

By the 1690s, the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa.[56] By the

18th century, Portuguese Angola had become again one of the principal sources of the
Atlantic slave trade.

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Africans played a direct role in the slave trade, kidnapping adults and stealing children
for the purpose of selling them, through intermediaries, to Europeans or their agents.[24]

Those sold into slavery were usually from a different ethnic group than those who
captured them, whether enemies or just neighbors.

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Patrick Manning estimates that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade
between the 16th and 19th century, but about 1.5 million died on board ship. About 10.5
million slaves arrived in the Americas. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle

Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to
ports. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more

died young. Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for
the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million
destined for African markets.

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According to Kimani Nehusi, the presence of European slavers affected the way in which

the legal code in African societies responded to offenders. Crimes traditionally
punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and
sale to slave traders.[citation needed] According to David Stannard's American

Holocaust, 50% of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native
kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. This includes not only those who died

in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to
slave ports on the various coasts.

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It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian [sugar]
plantations created up to one-in-twenty of every pound circulating in the British economy

at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the latter half of the 18th century. “

"Atlantic Slave Trade" 45
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