Page 99 - Data Structures Handout_Neat

Example: Multiplication Method in C++

The multiplication method often produces a more uniform distribution than simple division,
especially when the constant ⁡⁡is chosen carefully (commonly derived from the golden ratio).

9.2.3 Cryptographic Hash Functions (MD5, SHA)

Cryptographic hash functions are designed for security rather than efficiency in hash

tables. They produce fixed-size outputs that are practically impossible to reverse. These
functions are used in password storage, digital signatures, and blockchain technology.

Properties of cryptographic hash functions:

• Pre-image resistance: Hard to reconstruct the input from the output.

• Collision resistance: Hard to find two different inputs with the same output.

• Avalanche effect: Small input changes produce drastically different outputs.
(Here we keep the explanation theoretically since you requested only C++ examples

and no Python. Cryptographic libraries in C++ such as OpenSSL can be used for SHA or MD5,

but the code is more advanced and library dependent.)

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