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Human Performance

2.8 Handling threats and errors

A new concept regarding flight safety has been introduced in recent years. The

goal is to identify the threats that may occur during a flight. A threat that

remains unnoticed can lead to errors and undesirable flight situations.

In English, this is referred to as TEM (Threat and Error Management).

TEM identifies external threats that affect flight safety and minimizes the risk of

these turning into errors, while showing how to manage in order to avoid

"undesired aircraft states" (UAS).

2.8.1 Threats

A threat is an event, situation, or hazard from outside the immediate
operational environment that has the potential to cause errors or negatively

affect safety.

Threats can occur in various forms:

- External threats

- Internal threats
- Environmental threats

- Organizational threats

- Latent threats

2.8.1.1 External threats and environmental threats

External threats originating from the operational environment may include:

- Distractions from crew members
- Weather

- Heavy traffic

- Interrupted landing
- Change of destination

- System failures

- Terrain
- Night flying

Flight Theory PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© 2025 198