Page 188 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

178 ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS

should be given a calcium-restricted diet because 2. Abrams KL. Hypocalcemia associated with administration
increased intestinal absorption of calcium contributes of sodium bicarbonate for salicylate intoxication in a cat.
substantially to the development of hypercalcemia in J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987;191:235–6.
3. Adamantos S, Boag A. Total and ionised calcium
hypervitaminosis D.
concentrations in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. Vet Rec
Patients that maintain serum iCa concentrations in the 2008;163(1):25–6.
target zone are often managed successfully for years. 4. Adami S, Zamberlan N. Adverse effects of bisphosphonates;
Twenty-fourof25 dogs withprimaryhypoparathyroidism a comparative review. Drug Saf 1996;14:158–70.
were managed successfully for more than 5 years, 179 and 5. Adams JS, Sharma OP, Diz MM, et al. Ketoconazole
decreases the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and cal-
long-term management was successful in a small number cium concentration in sarcoidosis-associated hypercalce-
of cats. 444 Patients that develop episodic or prolonged mia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:1090–5.
hypercalcemia during treatment have a poor prognosis. 6. Adin DB, Taylor AW, Hill RC, et al. Intermittent bolus
Management with calcitriol is easier and more successful injection versus continuous infusion of furosemide in nor-
mal adult greyhound dogs. J Vet Intern Med
in inducing and maintaining serum iCa concentrations
2003;17:632–6.
in the target zone than are older therapeutic approaches. 7. Adler AJ, Ferran N, Berlyne GM. Effect of inorganic phos-
Hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis, and phate on serum ionized calcium concentration in vitro: a
reduced renal function have occurred in humans treated reassessment of the “trade-off hypothesis.” Kidney Int
for chronic hypoparathyroidism. 232,572,616 As many as 1985;28:932–5.
8. Almaden Y, Canalejo A, Ballesteros E, et al. Regulation of
80% of human patients treated for 2 years or longer have arachidonic acid production by intracellular calcium in
decreased creatinine clearance. 616 These abnormalities parathyroid cells: effect of extracellular phosphate. J Am
can be attributed to episodes of hypercalcemia and Soc Nephrol 2002;13:693–8.
hyperphosphatemia and to hypercalciuria that occurs in 9. Almaden Y, Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M, et al. Prolifera-
the absence of the actions of PTH on the renal tubules. tion in hyperplastic human and normal rat parathyroid
In the absence of PTH, hypercalciuria occurs more readily glands: role of phosphate, calcitriol, and gender. Kidney
Int 2003;64:2311–7.
at all serum iCa concentrations and is especially severe as 10. Almirall J, Lopez T, Vallve M, et al. Safety and efficacy of
iCa concentrations approach the normal range, which sevelamer in the treatment of uncontrolled hyperpho-
increases the filtered load of calcium. Nephrocalcinosis, sphataemia of haemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract
reduced renal function, and CRF have also been 2004;97:c17–22.
11. Amin M, Fawzy A, Hamid MA, et al. Pulmonary hyper-
suspected in veterinary patients receiving long-term treat-
tension in patients with chronic renal failure: role of para-
ment for hypoparathyroidism, but the risk for these thyroid hormone and pulmonary artery calcifications.
disorders has not been critically evaluated. 446 Chest 2003;124:2093–7.
Vitamin D metabolite treatment is gradually tapered 12. Anderson TE, Legendre AM, McEntee MM. Probable
and then discontinued in patients with postsurgical hypo- hypercalcemia of malignancy in a cat with bronchogenic
adenocarcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2000;36:52–5.
parathyroidism because hypocalcemia is usually transient.
13. Andress DL. Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: A sys-
Most cats are able to maintain normal serum iCa temic role for selective vitamin D receptor activation.
concentrations 2 weeks after thyroidectomy, although Kid Int 2006;69:33–43.
some may take as long as 3 months. Dogs with hypocal- 14. Anthony LB, May ME, Oates JA. Case report: lanreotide
cemia usually require 6 to 12 weeks of treatment after in the management of hypercalcemia of malignancy. Am J
Med Sci 1995;309:312–4.
removal of a parathyroid gland adenoma. A reduction
15. Arceneaux KA, Taboada J, Hosgood G. Blastomycosis in
in dose of vitamin D metabolites is usually begun 1 dogs: 115 cases (1980-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc
month after initiation of therapy. If serum iCa concentra- 1998;213:658–64.
tion declines substantially, the previous dose is resumed, 16. Aroch I, Ohad DG, Baneth G. Paresis and unusual electro-
and reduction is attempted again 1 or 2 months later. Per- cardiographic signs in a severely hypomagnesaemic,
hypocalcaemic lactating bitch. J Small Anim Pract
manent hypoparathyroidism is likely if failure to maintain
1998;39:299–302.
acceptable serum iCa concentration occurs after reduc- 17. Aroch I, Segev G, Klement E, et al. Fatal Vipera xanthina
tion of the vitamin D metabolite dose at 3 months. palestinae envenomation in 16 dogs. Vet Hum Toxicol
2004;46:268–72.
18. Atkins CE, Tyler R, Greenlee P. Clinical, biochemical,
REFERENCES acid-base, and electrolyte abnormalities in cats after hyper-
tonic sodium phosphate enema administration. Am J Vet
Res 1985;46:980–8.
1. Abou-Samra AB, Juppner H, Force T, et al. Expression 19. Aubin JE, Heersche JN. Vitamin D and osteoblasts. In:
cloning of a common receptor for parathyroid hormone Feldman D, editor. Vitamin D. New York: Academic
and parathyroid hormone-related peptide from rat osteo- Press; 1997. p. 313–28.
blast-like cells: a single receptor stimulates intracellular 20. Aucella F, Scalzulli RP, Gatta G, et al. Calcitriol increases
accumulation of both cAMP and inositol triphosphates burst-forming unit-erythroid proliferation in chronic
and increases intracellular free calcium. Proc Natl Acad renal failure; a synergistic effect with r-HuEpo. Nephron
Sci USA 1992;89:2732–6.
Clin Pract 2003;95:c121–7.