Page 703 - The Toxicology of Fishes

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Biomarkers

Daniel Schlenk, Richard Handy, Scott Steinert,
Michael H. Depledge, and William Benson

CONTENTS
Introductory and Historical Perspectives...............................................................................................684
Hierarchy of Response...........................................................................................................................686
Biochemical Biomarkers........................................................................................................................687
Inducible Proteins.........................................................................................................................688
CYP1A................................................................................................................................688
Metallothioneins .................................................................................................................689
Stress Proteins.....................................................................................................................690
Multidrug Resistance (P-Glycoprotein) .............................................................................691
Phase II Biotransformation Enzymes.................................................................................692
Antioxidant Enzymes..........................................................................................................693
Endogenous Metabolites ..............................................................................................................694
Fluorescent Aromatic Compounds .....................................................................................694
Porphyrins...........................................................................................................................695
Retinoids .............................................................................................................................696
Genotoxic Endpoints....................................................................................................................696
Physiological Biomarkers ......................................................................................................................700
Hematology and Clinical Chemistry............................................................................................700
Blood Sampling Methods...................................................................................................700
Hematological Indices ........................................................................................................701
Blood or Plasma Ions .........................................................................................................702
Blood Metabolites and Enzyme Activities.........................................................................702
Circulating Hormones.........................................................................................................702
Condition Indices .........................................................................................................................703
Condition Factor .................................................................................................................703
Organosomatic Indices .......................................................................................................706
Growth ................................................................................................................................706
Respiratory and Cardiovascular Responses as Biomarkers.........................................................707
Behavior as a Biomarker..............................................................................................................708
Pathological Biomarkers........................................................................................................................709
Morphological Abnormalities ......................................................................................................709
Immunohistochemistry.................................................................................................................712
Summary ................................................................................................................................................712
References..............................................................................................................................................713

683