Page 1032 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

964 SECTION | XIV Poisonous Plants

VetBooks.ir flavo-brunnescens is exclusively found in eucalyptus Barbato, M.P., 1993. Poisoning from accidental ingestion of mushrooms.
as a monitor for the content of the toxin gyromitrin. J. Chromatogr.
A. 1125, 229 233.
woods, and thus the poisoning has been termed “eucalyp-
tus sickness.” Clinical signs have been observed as early
as 3 days after exposure but may be delayed until 6 days Med. J. Aust. 158, 842 847.
Bernard, M.A., 1979. Mushroom poisoning in a dog. Can. Vet. J. 20,
postexposure. Typically, animals develop anorexia, sali-
82 83.
vation, diarrhea, and recumbency. This is followed by
Beug, M., 2009. NAMA Toxicology Committee Report for 2009: North
alteration in keratinization, which becomes apparent by
American mushroom poisonings. McIlvainea. 19, 1 5.
loss of hair and hooves, similar to what is seen in chronic
Beuhler, M., Lee, D.C., Gerkin, R., 2004. The Meixner test in the detec-
selenosis. The toxins have not been identified but are tion of h-amanitin and false positive reactions caused by psilocin and
most likely volatile and interfere with the incorporation of 5-substituted tryptamines. Ann. Emerg. Med. 44, 114 120.
sulfur-containing amino acids. Blayney, D., Rosenkranz, E., Zettner, A., 1980. Mushroom poisoning
from Chlorophyllum molybdites. West J. Med. 132, 74 77.
Braun, R., Greeff, U., Netter, K.J., 1979. Liver injury by the false morel
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE poison gyromitrin. Toxicology. 12, 155 163.
DIRECTIONS Bresinsky, A., Besl, H., 1990a. Muscarine syndrome. In: Bresinsky, A.,
Besl, H. (Eds.), A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. Wolfe, London,
Overall, the number of reported mushroom poisonings in pp. 71 73.
animals is low, although this is likely a result of the lack Bresinsky, A., Besl, H., 1990b. Gastrointestinal syndrome. In: Bresinsky,
of methods to confirm exposure and a lack of national A., Besl, H. (Eds.), A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. Wolfe,
clearing house mechanisms. In humans, most cases are London, pp. 130 176.
Chebib, M., Johnston, G.A., 1999. The “ABC” of GABA receptors: a
diagnosed by positive identification of the suspect mush-
brief review. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 26, 937 940.
room, which is often impossible in veterinary medicine.
Cleland, T.A., 1996. Inhibitory glutamate receptor channels. Mol.
The chances of obtaining an intact and representative
Neurobiol. 13, 97 136.
mushroom are slim because animals are often left unat- Cole, F.M., 1993. A puppy death and Amanita phalloides. Aust Vet.
tended and a history of ingestion is not available. The Assoc. 70, 271 272.
development of new analytical techniques to identify Coulet, M., Guillot, J., 1982. Poisoning by Gyromitra: a possible mecha-
mushroom toxins in biological samples of poisoned ani- nism. Med. Hypotheses. 8, 325 334.
mals will provide insight into the true frequency of mush- De Carlo, E., Milanesi, A., Martini, C., et al., 2003. Effects of Amanita
room poisonings. Currently, therapeutic measures are phalloides toxins on insulin release: in vivo and in vitro studies.
primarily based on both mechanisms of toxicity and clini- Arch. Toxicol. 77, 441 445.
cal signs. Rapid toxin identification would allow for a Enjalbert, F., Rapior, S., Nouguier-Soule, J., et al., 2002. Treatment of
amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis. J. Toxicol. Clin.
confirmed, early diagnosis, which is especially important
Toxicol. 40, 715 757.
in cases in which intensive care is indicated. To develop
Eugster, C.H., Schleusener, E., 1969. Stereomere Muscarine kommen in
analytical techniques for specific mushroom toxins, fur-
der Natur vor. Gas-chromatographische Trennung der Norbasen 30:
ther research is necessary in the area of toxin characteri-
Mitteilung u ¨ber Inhaltsstoffe von Fliegenpilzen. Helv. Chim. Acta.
zation and toxicokinetics. Although thousands of 52, 708 715.
mushrooms exist worldwide, only a few have been Faulstich, H., Fauser, U., 1980. The course of Amanita intoxication in
researched in-depth. It is also important to improve our beagle dogs. In: Faulstich, H., Kommerell, B., Wieland, T. (Eds.),
knowledge of the efficacy of commonly recommended, Amanita Toxins and Poisoning. Verlag Gerhard Witzstrock, Baden-
but poorly evaluated, therapeutic procedures. Baden, Germany, pp. 115 123.
Faulstich, H., Talas, A., Wellhoner, H.H., 1985. Toxicokinetics of
labeled amatoxins in the dog. Arch. Toxicol. 56, 190 194.
REFERENCES Filigenzi, M.S., Poppenga, R.H., Tiwari, A.K., Puschner, B., 2007.
Determination of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver by multistage lin-
Abuknesha, R.A., Maragkou, A., 2004. A highly sensitive and specific ear ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 784 790.
enzyme immunoassay for detection of beta-amanitin in biological Floersheim, G.L., 1972. Antidotes to experimental h-amanitin poisoning.
fluids. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 379, 853 860. Nat. New Biol. 236, 115 117.
Aghajanian, G.K., Marek, G.J., 1997. Serotonin induces excitatory post- Floersheim, G.L., 1978. Experimental basis for the therapy of Amanita
synaptic potentials in apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells. phalloides poisoning. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 108, 185 197.
Neuropharmacology. 36, 589 599. Frank, H., ZilkerKirchmair, M., Kirchmair, M., et al., 2009. Acute renal
Albers, C., Kohler, H., Lehr, M., et al., 2004. Development of a psilocin failure by ingestion of Cortinarius species confounded with psycho-
immunoassay for serum and blood samples. Int. J. Legal Med. 118, active mushrooms: a case series and literature survey. Clin. Nephrol.
326 331. 71, 557 562.
Arshadi, M., Nilsson, C., Magnusson, B., 2006. Gas chromatogra- French, A.L., Garrettson, L.K., 1988. Poisoning with the North
phy mass spectrometry determination of the pentafluorobenzoyl American Jack O’Lantern mushroom, Omphalotus illudens.J.
derivative of methylhydrazine in false morel (Gyromitra esculenta) Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 26, 81 88.