Page 1128 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

1060 SECTION | XV Mycotoxins

VetBooks.ir (0 800 mg/kg body wt) for 7 consecutive days had interhuman variability) (JECFA, 2000; EFSA, 2011,
2014; Mally et al., 2016).
increased oviduct weights with increasing zearalenone
doses. Poultry appear to be fairly resistant to the effects
of zearalenone.
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
TREATMENT
Maintaining moisture concentrations less than 15% 16%
Quick removal of zearalenone contaminated feed from
in feeds should adequately prevent zearalenone produc-
the ration and replacement with clean feed is essential.
tion during storage. When naturally contaminated feed
Generally, 3 7 weeks following removal of the contami-
must be used, incorporation into rations for less suscepti-
nated feed, animals will return to normal reproductive sta-
ble species, such as feedlot animals or poultry, should be
tus. No zearalenone mycotoxin binder has been proven to
considered. At naturally occurring concentrations of zear-
be efficacious in any species of livestock by the US Food
alenone in grains, residues in meat, milk, and eggs are
and Drug Administration.
probably not significant. The effects of zearalenone have
been widely investigated, especially in sensitive animal
species such as swine. Sows are more sensitive than
BIOMONITORING AND RISK ASSESSMENT
boars, and immature gilts are more sensitive than adults.
Biomonitoring is an integrative approach to assess animal Future studies are needed to identify novel biomarkers for
or human exposure to toxicants/toxins from various detecting early effects of zearalenone and its metabolites
sources and by all routes, using appropriate and validated on reproductive and developmental, and other organs.
biomarkers (Gupta, 2014; Fo ¨llmann et al., 2016). Multiple
state-of-the art validated methods are available for quanti-
fication and confirmation of zearalenone and its metabo- REFERENCES
lites for toxicokinetics, biomonitoring and risk assessment
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(Shin et al., 2009c; Gambacorta et al., 2013; Belhassen
UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of zearalenone,
et al., 2014: Fo ¨llmann et al., 2016; Mally et al., 2016).
α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone in human urine.
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from humans and pigs support biomonitoring as a viable Biehl, M.L., Prelusky, D.B., Koritz, G.D., et al., 1993. Biliary excretion
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Ding, X., Lichti, K., Staudiner, J.L., 2006. The mycoestrogen zearale-
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