Page 1494 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

1466 PART XIV Infectious Diseases

the transport time is expected to be longer than 24 hours. been associated with respiratory tract disease in dogs and
Most Mycoplasma spp. require special media, but in one cats as primary pathogens and may be spread from animal
VetBooks.ir report M. canis grew on regular blood agar plates (L’Abee- to animal, as with M. pneumoniae in human beings. Animals
with conjunctivitis or respiratory tract disease should be iso-
Lund et al., 2003). Because the organisms are part of the
normal flora, culture of the mucous membranes of healthy
resolved (see Chapter 93). Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma
animals is never indicated. lated from other animals until clinical signs of disease have
Because Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. can be cul- spp. are susceptible to routine disinfectants and rapidly die
tured from healthy animals, interpretation of positive culture outside the host.
results in sick animals is difficult. Most laboratories do not
report results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. The disease Suggested Readings
association is strong if Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp.
are isolated in pure culture from tissues from which isolation Canine Bartonellosis
is unusual (lower airway, uterus, joints). Response to treat- Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with
a novel Bartonella subspecies. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:154.
ment with drugs with known activity against Mycoplasma Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and
spp. or Ureaplasma spp. may help support the diagnosis of related members of the alpha subdivision of the Proteobacteria
disease induced by these agents. in dogs with cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, or myocarditis.
PCR assays are now available for amplification of myco- J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:3618.
plasmal DNA (Johnson et al., 2004; Chalker et al., 2004; Low Breitschewerdt EB, et al. Clinicopathological abnormalities and
et al., 2007; Zirofsky et al., 2018) in multiple diagnostic labo- treatment response in 24 dogs seroreactive to Bartonella vinsonii
ratories, but they have the same diagnostic limitations as (berkhoffii) antigens. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2004;40:92.
cultures as positive results do not correlate to the presence Duncan AW, et al. A combined approach for the enhanced detec-
of disease or response to therapy. Some laboratories use M. tion and isolation of Bartonella species in dog blood samples:
felis or M. cynos specific primers in the PCR assays, which pre-enrichment liquid culture followed by PCR and subculture
will result in failure to detect other potentially pathogenic onto agar plates. J Microbiol Methods. 2007;69:273.
species. Fenimore A, et al. Bartonella spp. DNA in cardiac tissues from
dogs in Colorado and Wyoming. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25:613.
Treatment Lashnits E, et al. Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North
America, 2008-2014. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32:222.
Tylosin, erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, tetra- MacDonald KA, et al. A prospective study of canine infective
cyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, and fluoro- endocarditis in northern California (1999-2001): emergence of
quinolones are effective for treatment of Mycoplasma spp. Bartonella as a prevalent etiologic agent. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;
or Ureaplasma spp. infections (see Chapter 92). Doxycy- 18:56.
cline administered orally at 10 mg/kg q24h or at 5 mg/kg Okaro U, et al. Bartonella Species, an emerging cause of blood-
q12h is generally effective in animals with a competent culture-negative endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30:709.
immune system or without life-threatening disease (Lappin Randell MG, et al. Bartonella henselae infection in a dog with recal-
et al., 2017). In animals with mixed infections with gram- citrant ineffective erythropoiesis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47:45.
negative organisms, life-threatening disease, or suspected Sykes JE, et al. Evaluation of the relationship between causative
organisms and clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis
tetracycline-resistant strains, fluoroquinolones or azithro- in dogs: 71 cases (1992-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:
mycin are good alternate antibiotic choices. One cat with a 1723.
non-healing bite wound was positive for M. equigenitalium Yore K, et al. Flea species infesting dogs in Florida and Bartonella
or M. elephantis DNA and ultimately responded to enro- spp. prevalence rates. Vet Parasitol. 2014;199:225.
floxacin and clindamycin (Torres-Henderson et al., 2014). Feline Bartonellosis
In one study of shelter cats with suspected bacterial upper Bayliss DB, et al. Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity
respiratory infections, the new veterinary fluoroquinolone, concentration and seroprevalences of antibodies against Toxo-
pradofloxacin, gave numerically higher response rates than plasma gondii and Bartonella species in client-owned cats. J
amoxicillin (Spindel et al., 2008). Treatment for 4 to 6 weeks Feline Med Surg. 2009;11:663–667.
is usually required for lower airway, subcutaneous, or joint Biswas S, et al. Comparative activity of pradofloxacin, enrofloxacin,
infections. and azithromycin against Bartonella henselae isolates collected
from cats and a human. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:617.
Zoonotic Aspects and Prevention Bradbury CA, Lappin MR. Evaluation of topical application of
Although risk of zoonotic transfer is likely minimal, bite 10% imidacloprid-1% moxidectin to prevent Bartonella henselae
transmission from cat fleas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;236:869.
wound transmission of Mycoplasma spp. from an infected Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Bartonella species in blood of immuno-
cat to the hand of a human being has been reported (McCabe competent persons with animal and arthropod contact. Emerg
et al., 1987). Most Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. Inf Dis. 2007;13:938.
infections in dogs and cats are opportunistic and associated Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonellosis, One Health and all creatures great
with other causes of inflammation; thus they are not likely and small. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28:96.
to be directly contagious from animal to animal unless a Breitschwerdt EB. Did Bartonella henselae contribute to the deaths
pathogenic strain exists. Mycoplasma spp. appear to have of two veterinarians? Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:317.