Page 610 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition
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582    PART IV   Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders


            silymarin, and S-adenosylmethionine would be a logical    Beatty JA, et al. Spontaneous hepatic rupture in six cats with sys-
                                                                  temic amyloidosis. J Small Anim Pract. 2002;43:355.
            step.                                                Boomkens SY, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bile of cats.
  VetBooks.ir  HEPATOBILIARY MANIFESTATIONS OF                   Bosje JT, et al. Polycystic kidney and liver disease in cats. Vet Q.
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            SYSTEMIC DISEASE                                      1998;20:136.
                                                                 Brain PH, et al. Feline cholecystitis and acute neutrophilic cholan-
                                                                  gitis: clinical findings, bacterial isolates and response to treat-
            Several feline systemic illnesses have hepatic manifestations   ment in six cases. J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8:91.
            that may be identified by physical, clinicopathologic, and/or   Brenner K, et al. Refeeding syndrome in a cat with hepatic lipidosis.
            radiographic examination, but the major clinical signs can   J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13:614.
            be attributed to another disease (see  Table 35.1). In such   Brown B, et al. Metabolic and hormonal alterations in cats with
            cases the hepatic lesion should recede with satisfactory treat-  hepatic lipidosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2000;14:20.
            ment of the primary illness.                         Buote NJ, et al. Cholecystoenterostomy for treatment of extrahe-
              Metastatic neoplasia could be the underlying reason for   patic biliary tract obstruction in cats: 22 cases (1994-2003). J Am
            abdominal enlargement resulting from hepatomegaly or,   Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:1376.
            rarely, malignant abdominal effusion, although primary neo-  Byfield VL, et al. Percutaneous cholecystocentesis in cats with sus-
                                                                  pected hepatobiliary disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19:1254.
            plasia is more common than metastatic neoplasia in the   Callahan Clark JE, et al. Feline cholangitis: a necropsy study of 44
            feline liver. Some of the signs of hyperthyroidism, especially   cats (1986-2008). J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13:570.
            occasional vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss, can resemble   Center SA, et al. A retrospective study of 77 cats with severe hepatic
            those of primary hepatobiliary disease. Thyrotoxic cats com-  lipidosis: 1975-1990. J Vet Intern Med. 1996;7:349.
            monly have high liver enzyme levels; more than 75% of   Center  SA,  et al.  Fulminant  hepatic  failure  associated  with  oral
            affected cats have high serum AP levels (2-12 times higher),   administration  of  diazepam  in  11  cats.  J Am Vet Med Assoc.
            although in cats it is not known whether this is of liver or   1996;209:618.
            bone origin or, as is true for hyperthyroid human patients,   Dear JD, et al. Feline urate urolithiasis: a retrospective study of 159
            both. More than 50% of hyperthyroid cats have high serum   cases. J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13:725.
            ALT or AST levels (2-10 times higher). More than 90% of   Fragkou FC, et al. Prevalence and clinicopathological features of
            affected cats have high serum levels of at least one of the AP,   triaditis in a prospective case series of symptomatic and asymp-
                                                                  tomatic cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30:1031.
            ALT, or AST enzymes. Approximately 3% are hyperbilirubi-  Friend EJ, et al. Omentalisation of congenital liver cysts in a cat. Vet
            nemic. Histopathologic changes are minimal, and there   Rec. 2001;149:275.
            appears to be little functional disturbance. It is thought that   Furneaux RW. A series of six cases of sphincter of oddi pathology
            malnutrition, hepatocellular hypoxia, and the direct effects   in the cat (2008-2009). J Feline Med Surg. 2010;10:794.
            of thyroid hormone on liver cells are responsible for these   Giordano A, et al. Sensitivity of Tru-cut and fine-needle aspiration
            liver-related abnormalities. Hepatomegaly associated with   biopsies of liver and kidney for diagnosis of feline infectious
            mild to moderate lipid deposition is a common physical   peritonitis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34:368.
            examination finding in cats with DM; a small number of cats   Gorman L, et al. Serum beta hydroxybutyrate concentrations in
            may also be icteric. Mild to moderate increases in liver-  cats with chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, or hepatic
            specific enzyme levels are typical. More severe clinicopatho-  lipidosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30:611.
            logic  abnormalities might be  expected  in cats  with  more   Greiter-Wilke A, et al. Association of Helicobacter with cholangio-
                                                                  hepatitis in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:822.
            severe hepatic lipidosis. Hyperadrenocorticism is rare in cats   Guerra JM, et al. Congenital hepatic fibrosis and polycystic kidney
            and, unlike in dogs, obvious liver involvement is unusual.   disease not linked to C >A mutation in exon 29 of PKD1 in a
            The liver is usually normal in size on radiographs, and it is   Persian cat.  FMS Open Rep. 2015;1(2):2055116915619191.
            unusual to find high serum AP and ALT levels in hyperad-  doi:10.1177/2055116915619191. eCollection 2015 Jul-Dec. Pub-
            renocorticoid cats. Unlike dogs, cats do not have a steroid-  lished online 2015 Dec 6.
            induced isoenzyme of ALP, and an increased ALT level,   Haney DR, et al. Severe cholestatic liver disease secondary to liver
            when recognized, is probably related to intercurrent DM.  fluke (Platynosomum concinnum) infection in three cats. J Am
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            Abdallah AAL, et al. Biliary tract obstruction in chronic pancreati-  Harvey M, et al. Treatment and long-term follow-up of extrahe-
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            Aronson LR, et al. Acetaminophen toxicosis in 17 cats. J Vet Emerg   cat with pyruvate kinase deficiency. J Feline Med Surg. 2007;4:
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            Avizeh R, et al. Evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic effects   Hurwitz  BM,  et al.  Presumed primary  and  secondary  hepatic
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            Bayton WA, et al. Histopathological frequency of feline hepatobili-  Kaufman AC, et al. Increased alanine transaminase activity associ-
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              jsap.12810.                                         Assoc. 1993;202:628.
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