Page 143 - Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition

122 PART II Diagnostic Procedures for the Cancer Patient

Micrometastasis may also be present, and this rarely alters the size 11. Freedman MT, Lo S-CB, Seibel JC, et al.: Lung nodules: improved
or results in contrast enhancement of LNs, resulting in a false- detection with software that suppresses the rib and clavicle on chest
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negative diagnosis. In addition, contrast enhancement on CT
VetBooks.ir may be a result of inflammation rather than metastatic disease, 12. Nyland TG, Mattoon JS: Fundamentals of diagnostic ultrasound,
Veterinary Diagnostic Ultrasound, ed 3, St. Louis, 2015, Elsevier.
4
resulting in a false-positive diagnosis. Considerable attention has
been given to the evaluation of LNs with a variety of imaging 13. Besso JG, Penninck DG, Gliatto JM: Retrospective ultrasono-
graphic evaluation of adrenal lesions in 26 dogs, Vet Radiol Ultra-
modalities to determine whether there are characteristics that are sound 38:448–455, 1997.
specific to metastasis. 4,6 14. Hanson JA, Papageorges M, Girard E, et al.: Ultrasonographic
Direct lymphangiography (injection of contrast medium appearance of splenic disease in 101 cats, Vet Radiol Ultrasound
into an LN or lymphatic vessel) and indirect lymphangiography 42:441–445, 2001.
(injection of contrast medium into the peritumoral tissues) can 15. Penninck D, Smyers B, Webster CRL, et al.: Diagnostic value of
be used to image the lymphatic beds and identify the sentinel ultrasonography in differentiating enteritis from intestinal neopla-
LN (Fig. 6.14). 121 Use of iodized oil contrast medium results sia in dogs, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:570–575, 2003.
in retention of the agent in the LN for up to 2 months after 16. Cruz-Arambulo R, Wrigley R, Powers B: Sonographic features of
injection, which can aid in follow-up LN assessment, where histiocytic neoplasms in the canine abdomen, Vet Radiol Ultrasound
45:554–558, 2004.
contrast voids are consistent with new metastatic lesions, and 17. Cuccovillo A, Lamb CR: Cellular features of sonographic target
make the LNs more conspicuous on radiation port films, which lesions of the liver and spleen in 21 dogs and a cat, Vet Radiol Ultra-
aids in RT planning. 121 Indirect lymphangiography is used to sound 43:275–278, 2002.
map the draining LNs from a superficial tumor. 122–125 A het- 18. Ramirez S, Douglass JP, Robertson ID: Ultrasonographic features
erogeneous pattern of LN enhancement may also predict malig- of canine abdominal malignant histiocytosis, Vet Radiol Ultrasound
nancy, because this pattern may be caused by loss of normal 43:167–170, 2005.
architecture secondary to tumor infiltration. 123 Sentinel LN 19. Sato AF, Solano M: Ultrasonographic findings in abdominal mast
mapping can also be performed with lymphoscintigraphy. Lym- cell disease: a retrospective study of 19 patients, Vet Radiol Ultra-
phatic drainage can be detected intraoperatively with the use of sound 45:51–57, 2004.
a gamma camera, hand-held gamma probe, and/or peritumoral 20. Sacornrattana O, Dervisis NG, McNiel EA: Abdominal ultrasono-
injection of blue dyes. 126 graphic findings at diagnosis of osteosarcoma in dogs and associa-
tion with treatment outcome, Vet Comp Oncol 11:199–207, 2012.
21. O’Brien RT, Iani M, Matheson J, et al.: Contrast harmonic ultra-
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