Page 828 - Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine

796 Section 8 Neurologic Disease

Table 73.1 Infectious agents causing meningoencephalomyelitis and has been sparsely investigated. One exception is
VetBooks.ir steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA), which is
in small animals
a systemic inflammatory condition with a focus of inflam-
Category
of agent Examples of specific organisms mation in the leptomeninges and its associated arteries.

Viral Canine distemper virus, feline infectious
peritonitis, feline immunodeficiency virus, Epidemiology
rabies, pseudorabies, West Nile virus
Fungal Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Environmental conditions and exposures play an important
Blastomyces dermatidis, Aspergillus spp., role in the transmission of many of the infectious organ-
Cladophialophora bantiana isms that cause meningoencephalitis or meningomyelitis.
Rickettsial Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsia, Anaplasma These include housing density and animal‐to‐animal
phagocytophilum transmission (e.g., canine distemper virus, FIP), transmis-
Bacterial Streptococcus spp., Bartonella spp., Borrellia sion via wildlife bites (e.g., rabies, feline immunodefi-
burgdorferi, Leptospira spp. ciency virus [FIV]), exposure to soil or stagnant water
Protozoal Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, sources (e.g., Blastomyces dermatidis, Cryptococcus
Entamoeba histolytica neoformans, Entamoeba histolytica), or transmission
Parasitic Cuterebra spp., Dirofiliaria immitis, Baylisascaris from insect or arthropod vectors (e.g., Dirofilaria immitis,
procyonis, Angiostrongylus spp., Prototheca spp. Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsia). As mentioned
above, most of the CNS inflammatory diseases seen in

Table 73.2 Presumed noninfectious inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) conditions in dogs

Neuroanatomic Typical cerebrospinal
Condition Breeds predisposed distribution fluid results CNS imaging

Steroid‐responsive Boxer, Bernese mountain Meninges of cervical Marked neutrophilic Possible meningeal
meningitis‐arteritis dog, beagle, petit basset region, rarely involves pleocytosis enhancement, may be normal
(SRMA) griffon Vendéen, Nova underlying CNS
Scotia duck tolling
retriever, Weimaraner
Granulomatous Terriers, miniature Preferentially affects Moderate‐marked Meningeal enhancement,
meningoencephalitis poodle medulla, cerebellum, mononuclear or contrast‐enhancing CNS
(GME) and cervical spinal cord mixed pleocytosis parenchymal lesions, focal
mass lesion possible
Necrotizing Pug, Maltese, Forebrain Mild‐marked Meningeal enhancement, brain
meningoencephalitis Chihuahua, shih tzu, mononuclear parenchymal lesions with or
(NME) papillon, Pekingese pleocytosis; without enhancement, loss of
occasionally normal gray‐white matter distinction,
mass effect possible
Necrotizing Yorkshire terrier, French White matter of Mild‐marked Brain white matter parenchymal
leukoencephalitis (NLE) bulldog forebrain and mononuclear lesions with or without
brainstem pleocytosis; enhancement
occasionally normal
Idiopathic eosinophilic Rottweiler, golden Brain usually involved, Eosinophilic Possible meningeal
meningoencephalitis retriever occasionally spinal pleocytosis enhancement and parenchymal
cord (>20% eosinophils) CNS lesions; poorly described
and variable in literature
Generalized tremor Often small white dogs Likely diffuse CNS Mild mononuclear Possible meningeal
syndrome (“little white pleocytosis or enhancement, often normal;
shaker/shaky dog disease”) normal poorly described in literature
Greyhound Greyhounds Forebrain (olfactory Mild‐moderate Brain parenchymal lesions
meningoencephalitis bulbs, frontal and mononuclear with minimal or absent
temporal lobe gray pleocytosis, can be contrast enhancement
matter, caudate nuclei) normal