Page 598 - The Veterinary Care of the Horse
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Figure 13.4 Physiotherapist using neuromuscular electrical stimulation to identify muscle pain or weakness
The frequency (measured in Hertz) can be adjusted for different therapeutic effects. Low
frequency treatment creates visible muscle contractions which aid lymphatic drainage and
venous return of blood. High-frequency treatments provide pain relief. More than one
frequency can be used at one time.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
These instruments can be used for pain relief. The pads are placed so that the current passes
through the painful area. It works by preventing pain signals from the area reaching the brain.
It also stimulates the release of natural opioids.
Therapeutic ultrasound
An ultrasound machine converts electrical energy into high-frequency sound waves. These
penetrate the tissues and produce minute vibrations and heat. Ultrasound has the following
effects on injured tissue:
• assists natural healing
