ৌ ҅ ৌ(heat) ҅ ਤ (System) (Surroundings) (Universe) ੌ(work) ޛ ਤ ҃҅ (Boundary) (Surroundings) ীց(O) ীց(O) ীց(X) ৌܽ҅(open system) ײ൦҅(closed system) Ҋ݀҅(isolated system)