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used by and for native speakers. (for this reason,
there is less use of simplified material which is made

easy for the learners; there is more use of material

intended for speakers of English) the other special
aim is to help students become independent,

responsible for their own learning (Allen, 1983).
Advanced students are almost at the end of the

language program. If learning is to continue beyond
the end of the course, the students will have to

depend on their own efforts and habits of study.

Dictionaries therefore become especially important.
Advanced students must be taught to use them well.

As the material which is read becomes
increasingly difficult, there are many more new

words to be explained. The teacher cannot-and
should-not help students learn all of them. When the

teacher spends an entire class period explaining

vocabulary –writing words and their meanings on the
blackboard-there are three unfortunate results: (1)the

students remain too dependent on the teacher; (2)

opportunities for learning to use a dictionary are lost;
and (3) no class time is left for the communicative

use of the language (Allen, 1983).