Page 10 - Aerotech News and Review, Oct 5 2018 - NASA Anniversary Special

NASA, from 7
a fixed price milestone-based developmental program that requires some private investment.[86]
In 2010, NASA announced the winners of the first phase of the program, a total of $50 million was divid- ed among five American companies to foster research and development into human spaceflight concepts and technologies in the private sector. In 2011, the winners of the second phase of the program were announced, and $270 million was divided among four companies. In 2012, the winners of the third phase of the program were announced, NASA provided $1.1 billion divided among three companies to further develop their crew transportation systems. In 2014, the winners of the final round were announced. SpaceX’s Dragon V2 (planned to be launched on a Falcon 9 v1.1) received a contract valued up to $2.6 billion and Boeing’s CST-100 (to be launched on an Atlas V) received a contract valued up to $4.2 billion. NASA expects these vehicles to begin transporting humans to the ISS in 2019.
Beyond Low Earth Orbit program (2010– 2017)
For missions beyond low Earth orbit, NASA has been directed to develop the Space Launch System, a Saturn-V class rocket, and the two to six person, beyond low Earth orbit spacecraft, Orion.
In February 2010, President Barack Obama’s ad- ministration proposed eliminating public funds for the Constellation program and shifting greater responsi- bility of servicing the ISS to private companies. Dur- ing a speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010, Obama proposed a new heavy-lift vehicle to replace the formerly planned Ares V. In his speech, Obama called for a manned mission to an asteroid as soon as 2025, and a manned mission to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s. The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 was passed by Congress and signed into law on Oct. 11, 2010. The act officially canceled the Constella-
tion program.
The Authorization Act required a newly designed
HLV be chosen within 90 days of its passing; the launch vehicle was given the name “Space Launch System”. The new law also required the construction of a beyond low earth orbit spacecraft. The Orion spacecraft, which was being developed as part of the Constellation program, was chosen to fulfill this role. The Space Launch System is planned to launch both Orion and other necessary hardware for missions be- yond low Earth orbit. The SLS is to be upgraded over time with more powerful versions. The initial capabil- ity of SLS is required to be able to lift 70 metric tons into LEO. It is then planned to be upgraded to 105 metric tones and then eventually to 130 metric tons.
Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1), an unmanned test flight of Orion’s crew module, was launched on Dec. 5, 2014, atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket.
Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) is the unmanned initial launch of SLS that would also send Orion on a circumlunar trajectory, which is planned for 2019. The first manned flight of Orion and SLS, Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2) is to launch in 2022; it is a 10- to 14-day mission planned to place a crew of four into Lunar orbit. EM-3 is planned to deliver a crew of 4 to Lunar orbit along with the first module of Deep Space Gateway.
On June 5, 2016, NASA and DARPA announced plans to build a series of new X-planes over the next 10 years. One of the planes will be the Quiet Super- sonic Technology project, burning low-carbon biofu- els and generating quiet sonic booms.
NASA plans to build full scale deep space habitats such at the Nautilus-X and Deep Space Gateway as part of its Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships (NextSTEP) program.
In 2017 NASA was directed to get humans to Mars by 2033.
NASA photograph
Dec. 5, 2014: First Spaceflight Test of Orion — Orion capsule completes its first spaceflight test.
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