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34 1.3 Social and Cultural Influences on Food Choices
substitute for this and given outside of meal and References and further reading
planned snack times to:
Ashton D (2004) Food advertising and childhood
●● show love and affection obesity. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
●● receive affection from the child 97(2): 51–52.
●● comfort them
●● reward for good behaviour Birch LL and Davison KK (2001) Family
●● bribe young children to modify their behaviour environmental factors influencing the developing
●● bribe young children to eat a food or meal they behavioural controls of food intake and childhood
overweight. Pediatrics Clinics of North America
are refusing. 48(4): 893–907.
Encouraging such foods to be regarded as desirable Blake CE (2008) Individual differences in the
is not compliant with teaching healthy eating. conceptualization of food across eating contexts.
Food Quality and Preference 19(1): 62–70.
Advantages of a meal and snack
routine Boyland EJ, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, et al. (2011)
Routines help young children to feel secure. A Food commercials increase preference for energy-
feeding routine of 3 meals and 2–3 planned dense foods, particularly in children who watch
nutritious snacks throughout the day: more television. Pediatrics 128(1): e93–e100.
●● prevents grazing on less nutritious food Burgess-Champoux TL, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D,
throughout the day Hannan PJ and Story M (2009) Are family meal
patterns associated with overall diet quality during the
●● prevents young children becoming over hungry or transition from early to middle adolescence. Journal of
thirsty by going too long between eating occasions Nutrition Education and Behavior 41(2): 79–86.
●● avoids attempts to feed young children when Daly A, MacDonald A and Booth IW (1998) Diet and
they are ready to sleep and too tired to eat disadvantage: observations on infant feeding from
an inner city. Journal of Human Nutrition and
●● prevents toddlers not being hungry at meal Dietetics 11: 381–389.
times because they have just eaten snacks or had
large sweet drinks just before the meal. Faith MS, Scanlon KS, Birch LL, Francis LA and
Sherry B (2004) Parent-child feeding strategies and
Activity 7 their relationships to child eating and weight
status. Obesity Research 12(11): 1711–1722.
Make a list of factors to consider before giving
advice to families. Fisher JO and Birch LL (1999) Restricting access to
palatable foods affects children’s behavioural
Activity 8 response, food selection, and intake. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 1264–1272.
Make a list of how parents can encourage
healthy eating in their young children. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Frazier AL, et al.
(2000) Family dinner and diet quality among older
Activity 9 children and adolescents. Archives of Family
Medicine 93(3): 235–240.
Make a list of non-food rewards that could be
offered to a child. Gregory JR, Collins DL, Davies PSW, Hughes JM and
Clarke PC (1995) National Diet and Nutrition
Activity 10 Survey: Children aged 1½ and 4½ years, Volume 1.
Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London:
Make a list of the disadvantages of not eating HMSO.
together as a family.
Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, et al. (2000) National Diet
and Nutrition Survey: Young people aged 4–18
years. London: The Stationery Office.
Hare-Bruun H, Nielsen BM, Kristensen PL, Møller
NC, Togo P and Heitmann BL (2011) Television
