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              will always be the desire to estimate costs for smaller
              groups or subdivisions, even sown to the individual
              insured level. Random fluctuations in claims
              experience however make it difficult. There is
              always a difference between theoretical accuracy
              and practical accuracy.

         (iv) Reliability or predictive stability - Based on a
              given set of loss data, the apparent cost of different
              groups may be different. The differences, may be
              due to random fluctuations, or the cost differences
              may change over time. E.g, historical differences
              between genders may diminish or disappear as
              societal roles change.

b) Operational Criteria - Actuarial criteria must be
         tempered by practical or operational considerations. The
         most important consideration is that the rating variables
         have an objective definition.

Moreover, there should be little ambiguity, class
definitions should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive,
and the opportunity for administrative errors should be

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