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120 CHAPTER 3 • SubSTiTuTES foR STRATEgy
considered as part of a strategy. It is also important to understand fully any approach
before it is adopted, because all the approaches are different. Some emphasise grad-
ual change, others more radical change. Some hold a view of the best way to organise
resources, others concentrate on how to decide what to do. So, the focus of BPR is what
should happen rather than how it should happen, and lean is similar. But both Six
Sigma and TQM focus more on how operations should be improved. BPR is explicit in
its advocacy of radical and dramatic change. TQM and lean, on the other hand, both
incorporate ideas of continuous improvement, whereas Six Sigma can be used for small
or very large changes.

Further reading
Bicheno, J. and Holweg, M. (2009) The Lean Toolbox: The Essential Guide to Lean Transforma-
tion. Buckingham, UK: PICSIE Books.
Dale, B.D., van der Wiele, T. and van Iwaarden, J. (2007) Managing Quality, 5th Edition. New
Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
George, M.L., Rowlands, D. and Kastle, B. (2003) What Is Lean Six Sigma? New York: McGraw-
Hill Publishing Co.
George, M.L., Maxey, J., Rowlands, D.T. and Upton, M. (2005) The Lean Six Sigma Pocket
Toolbook: A Quick Reference Guide to 70 Tools for Improving Quality and Speed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Jeston, J. and Nelis, J. (2008) Business Process Management: Practical Guidelines to Successful
Implementations, 2nd Edition. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Liker, J. (2003) The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufac-
turer. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Modig, N. and Ahlstrom, P. (2012) This Is Lean: Resolving the Efficiency Paradox. Stockholm,
Sweden: Rheologica Publishing.
Oakland J.S. (2014) Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence: Text with Cases. Lon-
don: Routledge.
Pande, P.S., Neuman, R.P. and Cavanagh, R. (2002) Six Sigma Way Team Field Book: An Imple-
mentation Guide for Project Improvement Teams. New York: McGraw Hill.
Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T. (2003) Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your
Corporation. New York: Simon and Schuster.

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