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GLOSSARY 303

Tissue flukes Refers to a number of flukes that are identified Trypanosomiasis Condition of being infected with one of
by the anatomic portion or organ of the body that the various the organisms of the Trypanosoma genus.
species primarily infect. Tsetse belt An area that stretches from West to East Africa
Toe itch Old term for sores between the toes from the burrow- and is the geographic location where most tsetse flies abound.
ing of hookworm larvae. Tsetse fly The tsetse fly is found only in Africa and is known
Toxocariasis This term refers to an infection caused by the for transmitting trypanosomes as disease agents causing
dog or cat roundworm, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, re- human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomosis.
spectively. Ingestion of these worms may lead to visceral larval Tularemia Infectious disease caused by the bacterium
migrans and ocular larvae migrans. Francisella tularensis that chiefly affects rodents but can also
Toxoplasmosis Infection with the organism, a protozoan, be transmitted to humans through bites of various insects or
called Toxoplasma gondii. At least 1/3 of the population of the contact with infected animals.
United States has been exposed. Turkey ticks Larval forms of Amblyomma americanum; is a
Trachea Portion of the respiratory system that carries air tick known somewhat incorrectly as “turkey mites.”
from the mouth and nose through the neck and into the upper Typhoidal The term refers to an infectious disease caused by
lungs. the bacterium Francisella tularensis that chiefly affects rodents
Trachoma Chronic and contagious type of conjunctivitis but can also be transmitted to humans.
caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis organism, and is a lead- Typhus Forms of infectious disease caused by rickettsia, espe-
ing cause of blindness in the world. cially those transmitted by fleas, lice, or mites.
Translactational Ability of toxins and pathogens that may
be transmitted through the milk of a lactating mother. U
Transplacental Term that refers to toxins or pathogens ca-
pable of crossing the membranes of the placenta separating Ulcerations Condition where ulcers have occurred and have
the mother from the fetus, to whom such substances may be caused a breakdown of the tissue.
dangerous Ulcerative colitis The condition is an inflammatory bowel
Treatment Course of action designed to alleviate a medical disease with infectious and psychological impact, and causes
condition. chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. The disease
Triatomid This term refers to some blood-sucking species, primarily causes abdominal pain and diarrhea.
particularly the Triatoma spp. spp. and are also known as Ulceroglandular The condition is usually manifested in
kissing bugs due to their habit of biting sleeping humans ulceroglandular tularemia as the most common form of the
on the lips and eyes; a number of these insects are found disease. Signs and symptoms are characterized by a skin ulcer
in Central and South America, and are capable of trans- that forms at the site of infection, most often in the area of an
mitting Chagas’s disease, which is also called American insect bite.
trypanosomiasis. Ulcers Often associated with the stomach, but an ulcer is a
Trichina Genus of parasitic roundworms of the phylum Nem- lesion of the skin or a mucous membrane often accompanied
atoda that cause trichinosis. Other names frequently used for by pus (discharge containing WBCs) and necrosis of adjacent
this genus are trichinella or trichina worms. tissues.
Trichinellosis Another term for “trichinosis”; is a parasitic Undernourished The condition may result from consuming
disease that occurs from eating raw or undercooked pork and too little food over a period of time or the lack of certain nutri-
sometimes wild game meat that is infected with the larvae of ents but may occur due to infections by parasites that rob the
one of the species of the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. A body of essential nourishment.
few cases occur annually in the United States as a result of Uncinariasis Genus Uncinaria relates to hookworm infec-
eating undercooked game meat or home reared pigs that were tion; Latin for hook-shaped.
fed uncooked garbage contaminated with the larvae. This is a Undulating membrane Occurs in flagellated forms of some
common condition found in the developing areas of the world organisms such as that of Trypanosoma, which has a fin-like
where pigs are mostly fed raw garbage. ridge along the dorsal area of the organism. A flagellum may
Trichrome stains The stain refers to a method utilizing a be buried in this ridge, with the end extending as a flagellum
combination of three different dyes to identify organisms, cells, for locomotion; movement of this structure causes the body of
and tissue elements. the organism to engage in wavelike repetitive movements of the
Trophozoite This is the motile form of many protozoa during cell membrane.
which time the organism feeds, multiplies, and grows within Unembryonated eggs Embryonated eggs containing larval
the host it has infected; other names for this form are “vegeta- worms can be seen while an unembryonated eggs is absent in
tive” and “trophic” forms. larval form.
Trypanosomes The most notable trypanosomal diseases is Unilocular The term means having but one cavity or
trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness and South Ameri- compartment.
can Chagas’s disease); these are caused by species of the genus United Nations Although multiple roles and functions
Trypanosoma. are occupied by the organization, it is an international