Page 140 - Enzymes in Tropical Soils

128 Enzymes In Tropical Soils

through drinking water, and the rest may enter rivers and seas. Some parts of the
emitted heavy metals may also directly enter rivers and seas. The emission of
heavy metals from industries is predicted to increase the relatively high intake of
heavy metals in the Jakarta watershed and bay. For example, the prediction in
1983 alone showed that heavy metal intake of the Jakarta Bay was relatively
massive as shown in Table 9.3. The heavy metals entering rivers may be used as
irrigation water or fish ponds, etc., the products of which as agriculture products
may enter the food chains. Similarly, the part of heavy metals entering seas may
enter plankton and fishes, which then may enter food chains. Therefore, the
problem of emissions of heavy metals must be solved. The spread of heavy metals
from their sources to the environment is depicted in Fig. 9.1.

Table 9.2. Estimates of some heavy metal additions to soil from
agricultural activities.
Cd Cu Pb Zn

Fertilizers
Copper Sulphate 7.14 8,925 385 749
a
Iron Sulphate 6.20 60.00 2,000 2,600
Urea 2.40 120 - -
Superphosphate 1,332 7,500 - 30,000

Pesticides
a
Antracol (Propineb) 7.79 - 20.00 1,100
a
Saturn-G (Tiobencarb) 34.60 304 234 1.28
a
Ordram (Molinato) 82.80 - 450 1.95
-1
-1
a
-1
-1
Adapted from Gimeno-Garcia et al . (1996); g ha year , others in mg kg year
Example of the high contents of heavy metals in industrial wastes is listed in
Table 9.4, obtained from several industrial wastes in Jakarta; while those in several
fertilizers (McLaughlin et al., 1996; Salam et al., 1996; Salam, 1997a) are listed in
Table 9.5. The contents of Cu and Pb are relatively high in several industrial
wastes, particularly in metal-spoon industry and jean laundry industry, and also Pb
in electronical industry. Relatively high contents of heavy metals are found in TSP
(Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb), SP-36 (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cd), and natural phosphatic rocks (Cd).
McLaughlin et al. (1996) summarized the concentrations Cd in some phosphate

Abdul Kadir Salam - 2014