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’ƒ ~”ƒ‡ ŒŒ Š ,ƒ~Œ ‡Œ~ ‡ƒ‚‡ Š— ‚‡ ‡‚ ƒ˜Š ‚–ƒŒ —Œ‡— ,('“‡ƒŽ‡–
ƒ†‡ Š ‚ƒ ‚„ ‚„ ƒ‚~˜‚ ‚‡ŒŠ˜‚ƒ ‚–ƒŒ‚ .‚„ƒ ~ Š ‚—ŒŠ ‚‡‚ ‰— ,‹‡Œ‡ ‹˜ƒ~
‚–ƒŒ‚ Š— ƒ˜‡Ž‰ ˜~ ‚’‡ ‡ ‚~– ~Š— ,~‚ Š— ‘‡•˜‚ ƒŽƒ”–Š ƒ€‡Ž ~—Ž‡‚Š
,‚Žƒ˜ ‚ – ~Š – ~Š Œ„ ˜Œ ~‚ ˆ~ .‚‡Œ~‚ ‚ ’—Œ‚ ˆƒ˜Š ‡Ž‚ƒ –‡”‚
‚Šƒ€‚ –‡ 1887 -  —‡‡˜‚Š ƒŠ –—’ n~ –‚ .– –—ƒŠ ƒŽ˜ ‚‰„ ƒ˜ƒŒ ˜ƒ•ƒ
–ƒ Š Š‡ ˜‚Šƒ (–˜ƒ‡ ˜Š€ƒŒ ‚ ˜‡‡‚ ‚ ––ƒ€˜‚Š ‹‡ƒ‚‡‚ Š— ‹˜ƒ‰„— –‡) ‡‡•
—ƒŒ‡ŒŠ –‚ ƒ”–Œ ˜~ƒ ‹‡‡Š‰Š‰‚ ƒ‡”Œ~ ˜~ ,ƒŽŒ„ ˜~ —‡•‚ ~ƒ‚ Š‡•Œ .‚–ƒ
‘~Œ Š— ‹‡‰–‰ ‡Ž— –ƒ~Š ~‡”ƒ‚ƒ ˆ– ƒ„ ˜–€Œƒ ,—‡‡‡ ˜ƒ‡˜ƒ–’‚ ƒ‡˜ƒ’‡~—
- •Š r~x’ —‡ƒ‡ ‡ :—‡‡‡ ˜ƒ–’ Š— ‚ŒŠƒ —ƒ‡ ˜Ž‡  ‚‡‚— ,‹‡—–Œ ‡˜ƒ–’
˜‡˜ƒ–’‚ ‚‡‡—‚ , ~ ”Œ ‚–ƒ – Œ‚ – ‚„‚ ‹‡ŠƒŠŒ‚ Š’‰ .•‚ † r~‡Š‡
Œ„ –ƒ‰ Š€– †—ƒ’ ƒŒ” ~”Œ ‹‰‡Š ‹ƒŠ—ƒ , ~ ‚Ž• ƒŠ ~Š – – ~‚ ”‚Œ
 ,„‡–’Š  €‡Š’‚Šƒ ‚‡ƒ– ˜~ ƒ„Š ,ƒ˜ ’—Œ ˜~ —ƒ†ŽŠ “Š~Ž ~ƒ‚ .– ~Š
. ƒ˜ŠƒŒŠ –ƒ„ Š ‚‡‚ Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‰ƒ ,ƒ‡—ƒŽ ‹ –‚Š ‚‡€‚ ƒ˜Ž˜ƒ —

Ŷ

ƒ‡‚— ‡Ž‚Š –‡ƒ ,‚ƒ~ ‹~ ‡‰ ‡‡• ~Š ƒ˜’Š ‘‡‚ ƒ‡‡  — ‚ •–’‚ ˜~
‚‡˜ƒ‡ƒ–—’~ ˜ƒ‰„ ‹€ ƒŠ ‚”–• ‚ƒ~ :ƒ˜†Š ‚ Š ƒ‡’—‚— ‹‡Šƒ•‡— ‚Œ‰
,˜‡ƒ–ƒ ˜‡– ,—‡‡‡ ‹‡‡„‰–Œ ‹‡–”ƒ‡ ‚Œ‰ Š— ‹˜ƒ ‰ƒŽ ˜ƒ‰„ ‹€ƒ ˜ƒ‡Š‰Š‰‚
ƒŒ” ‹‰‡Š ‹ƒŠ—— ,‚— ‚ —‡‡‡ ˜ƒ–’ ƒ‡‚ ˜ƒŒ ,‹‡–’ –‰ƒŒ ‡ŠŽŒ ‹—~–ƒ
ƒ†–ƒ•Œ –˜ƒ‡ ~ƒ’~ —‡ ŠŽŒ - ‹ ŽŒ ƒ–ƒ‡€ ˜ƒŒ .("~") "‡‡„" –~ƒ˜ ƒ–‡˜‰‚
:ƒŒ” –’ƒ‚ ‡Ž’ ‹€ ƒŠ€˜‚— ‡’‰ ‚Šƒ€‚ –‡‚ ˜‡‡ƒƒ‚ Š— ˜ƒŠƒ’‰‚ ‹‡Ž’‚ Œ
,‚‡–— ‹‡~Š Šƒ‰‡‰ ˜ƒ ˜’Ž— ˜ƒ–‚ ˜ƒ‡ƒ–—’~‚ ‰ƒŽŠ ˜‡Žƒ—~–‚ ˜ƒ‡Œ‡†’ƒ~‚
Š~ ‚ƒ~Œ ŠŽŒ - ‹ ŽŒ Š— ƒ‡˜ƒ–€‡~ ˆ~ .˜ƒ€€ƒ’˜Œ ‚Š~ ˜ƒ‡ƒ–—’~— – ~Š ‚„‰~‚ƒ
"ƒŽƒŠ" •–’‚ Š— ƒ‰–ƒ~Š :‚„‰~Š ‚ƒƒ•˜ ‡ ‹Šƒ‚ Š•—Œ ‡ƒƒ‡— ˜ƒ–”ƒ‡ Ž‡~ ƒ˜—~
ƒ˜Š‡’ŽŠ ˜—•ƒŒ ‚Žƒ– ~‚ ˜–€‡~‚ •–ƒ ,–‡‚„Œ‚ ƒ‡˜ ‡–Œ€Š ŠŽŒ - ‹ ŽŒ ƒ†
.–—’ ˜– ƒ ˜‡Œƒ~˜’ ƒ‡Ž‡ ˜‡~–Ž— ,˜~ƒ‰‚
˜ƒŽƒ— ˜ƒ‡ƒ–—’~ ‡ †Š˜‚ ”‡‰ ŠŽŒ - ‹ ŽŒ –’Œ ‚ƒ~Œ ‚Žƒ—~–‚ ƒ˜–€‡~
˜ƒ‡‚Š ˜ƒ‡ƒ— ƒ‡‚ ‹€— ‚Š~ ,–˜ƒ‡ ˜ƒ‡—ŒŒ‚ ˜~ ‚Š‡ ˜ ‚ŽƒŒ ~ƒ‚ƒ ,–‡Š ƒ~ƒ – ~Š
,‡ƒƒ ‚†‡ – ——ŒŠƒ ˜ƒ~–Š ˜‡Ž— ˜ƒ–ƒ  – Œ‚ :‡˜–‡‡‚ ƒ–Œ ƒŠ ˜ƒ–‰uƒŒ
ˆ~ .‚–‡‡‚ Š— •ƒ— ‚ –ƒ Š Š‡€– ‚‡‚ ‚–ƒ—‚ Œ ‡ƒ‚‡— ˜ƒ–ƒ  – Œ•ƒ –Œ”
†—’ƒŒ‚ ‹ƒ ˜‚ ˜ƒ†Š –‰ƒŒ‚ •ƒ‡‚ ˜~ ŠŽŒ - ‹ ŽŒ ‚ ƒ ‚•‡ŒŒ ‚— Œ ~ŠŠ
‚Šƒ€‚ –‡‚ Š— ‚–—Œ –— ~ƒ‚— ƒŒ ,‚–ƒ –ƒ Š Š‡ ˜‚Š – ƒ ~ƒ‚ .–˜ƒ‡
‡ .‚–‡‡ ~Š ‡~ƒƒƒ ˜‡ŽƒŽ‡ –‡ ~Š ‰˜‡‡ ~Š ƒŒƒ‡•ƒ ,‡†‡Š†‡’•‚ ‹Šƒ‚ Š—ƒ
;"ƒŽƒŠ" •Œ˜‚Š ŠŽŒ - ‹ ŽŒ – ƒ ‡”‚Š ‚–ƒŠ —‡— ‹‡Žƒƒ€ Œ‚ – Œ‚ ‡•‡’~
–ƒ– .“ƒ †Œ Š— –—‚ ‡’Š •Ž –—— ƒ ˜ƒ–€‡~ –ƒŒ ‚~–Ž‚ Š‰‰
‹€ –‡‚Ž ˜ƒ‡‚Š –ƒŒ~ ƒŽ‡~ ‰Šƒ ,–ƒ‡€Š –‡‚Ž ƒŽ‡~ ƒ„ "‚–ƒ  " Š— ‡˜‡Œ~‚ ‚†—
.~–ƒ•Š

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