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The Wonders of Nature

Couldn’t have +PP Certainty that something couldn’t He couldn’t have passed because

have happened you hadn’t studied enough

Would have +PP Desire to do something, but I would have visited you, but I

impossibility to do it for external forgot your address
causes

Should/ ought to Lament on something that should You should / ought to have

have +PP have been done warned me earlier

Shouldn’t have + PP Critique on something that He shouldn’t have told them
shouldn’t have happened

Needn’t have +PP Something that wasn’t necessary You needn’t have bought it .

doing

Modals-like verbs

A few verbs which often serve as modals too. They need to be conjugated.

Modals Concept Example

Like to Enjoy I like to swim.

Want to Desire I want to eat the ice cream.

Need to Necessity I need to use the loo.

Have to Obligation I have to finish this.

Have got to Have to I have got to go now.

Look forward to Future plan I look forward to doing the
business with you again.

Simple passive with modal