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SOURCES AND FORMS OF FINANCE


            Project finance (including public-private


            partnerships)




            • Project finance for large-scale projects often consists of


                debt and equity obtained from a multitude of sources.


            • Debt finance includes bond finance and debt from banks,


                developing finance institutions and aid agencies. Investors,

                known as sponsors, often provide some equity financing.



            • Often these sources of finance are then supplemented by


                governmental grants.


            • It is common practice to create a special purpose entity


                for such a project; this entity then owns no other assets,

                except for the project. (This may serve to ring-fence the


                sponsors in case of project failure.)


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