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SOURCES AND FORMS OF FINANCE
Project finance (including public-
private partnerships)
• Project finance for large-scale projects often consists of
debt and equity obtained from a multitude of sources.
• Debt finance includes bond finance and debt from
banks, developing finance institutions and aid agencies.
Investors, known as sponsors, often provide some
equity financing.
• Often these sources of finance are then supplemented
by governmental grants.
• It is common practice to create a special purpose entity
for such a project; this entity then owns no other
assets, except for the project. (This may serve to ring-
fence the sponsors in case of project failure.)
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