Page 104 - THE MELANESIA DIASPORA FILE CETAK ISI 10022017

Southern china
Taiwan

Vietnam
Philippines

Malaysia
Borneo
Sulawesi
coastal
PNG
Nisa/
Mentawai

Sumatra
Alor highland
Java PNG
Bali Vanuatu
Sumba Flores

Above: Genetic mixing in the In Southeast Asia, the major haplogroups are M, B, E, F, and G . Haplogroup F is the
1
Indo-Pacific region. The pie major haplogroup in parts of mainland Southeast Asia such as Vietnam (32%) and peninsular
Southern china
charts show the proportions of
Taiwan
DNA in different present day Malaysia (21%), but frequencies are lower in Korea and Tibet (15%), and not found in the
populations which originated in Siberian population. Haplogroup B gives a distribution more commonly found in coastal
two main ancestral populations, Asia and Pacific islands, but is not found in Siberia, Central Asia, or America (Torroni et al.,
one from Taiwan (white) and
Vietnam
another which arrived much 1993). These haplogroups are described as Asian and American haplogroups based on the
Philippines
earlier taking a route through presense of polymorphism on the D-loop control region. When D-loop polymorphism and
South Asia (dark grey). The
dark grey component is related mtDNA haplogroup data are combined, it produces higher levels of discrimination among
to Papuan and Melanesian individuals. For instance, haplogroup A has variance T16362C, G16169A, C16290T, C16223T;
Malaysia
populations, but the proportion Borneo
haplogroup B has variance T16217 and T16189C; haplogroup C has variance C16327T,
varies in different geographical
Sulawesi
areas. The Wallace line is shown T16298C, C16223T; while haplogroup D has variance T16362C and C16223T (Torroni et
coastal
with a dashed line (Cox M.P. et al., 1993). There are two groups on haplogroup M which have two SNP characterizations
al. 2010). 1 See http://www.mitomap.org. PNG
Nisa/
Mentawai
104 Chapter 2
Sumatra
Alor highland
Java PNG
Bali
Sumba Flores
MELANESIA BOOK FA LAYOUT 051216.indd 104 Vanuatu 2/10/17 2:10 PM