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Ultrasonography in Gynaecological Cancers 123

Figure 9. IOTA simple rules. The simple rules consist of ﬁve ultrasound features suggestive of malignancy (M-features) and ﬁve ultrasound
features pathognomic of a benign mass (B-features). A mass is classiﬁed as benign if at least one B-feature and none of the M-features
are present. A mass is classiﬁed as malignant if at least one M-feature and none of the B-features are present. If no B- or M-features
are present, or if both B- and M-features are present, then the rules are considered inconclusive (unclassiﬁable mass) and subjective
assessment by ultrasound expert is recommended. IOTA - the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis.

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