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77   Contemporary & Modern SOGAL Art Auction
        the bidder agrees to be bound by the terms   absence of any others    to the lot number). The reserve is the
        herein.                                                               confidential minimum price for the lot. If
                                           BEFORE THE SALE                    bidding for a particular lot ends below the
        Preconditions                      4. (a) A prospective buyer must complete and   reserve, the lot will not be sold. The reserve
        1. Sogal Art Auction acts as agent for the   sign a bidder registration form and provide   will not exceed the low estimate printed in
        seller and, therefore, the contract of sale is   identification before he has the Right to bid.   the catalogue. The auctioneer may open the
        made between the seller and the buyer.  Sogal Art Auction may require the production   bidding on any lot below the reserve and
                                           of bank or other financial references. (b) A   may continue to bid on behalf of the seller up
        2. Buyers are responsible for satisfying   prospective, registered buyer can authorize   to, and strictly limited to, the amount of the
        themselves concerning the condition of   a third party to act as agent in the bidding   reserve, either by placing consecutive bids or
        the property and the matters referred to   process if the buyer is unable to attend the   by placing bids in response to other bidders.
        in the catalogue entry. This can be done   auction. This arrangement, if such is to occur,
        by, for example, a personal inspection and   must be conveyed in writing to Sogal Art   8. Subject to the auctioneer’s discretion, the
        examination of the property in which they are   Auction and approved by the same. (c) Sogal   highest bidder accepted by the auctioneer
        interested, a review of the condition report.   Art Auction has the Right, at its complete   will be the buyer. The auctioneer will indicate
        To facilitate in this process, Sogal Art Auction   discretion, to refuse admission to the   that the highest bid has been accepted with a
        provides free viewings of the consigned lots   premises or participation in any auction and   strike of his hammer (hereafter referred to as
        prior to the auction, condition reports will   to reject any bid.     the ‘hammer price’). This same strike of the
        be provided if requested by customers, and                            hammer symbolically and legally establishes
        price comparables of works sold at auction.  AT THE SALE              the contract for sale between the seller and
                                           5. When making a bid, a bidder is accepting   buyer. Risk and responsibility for the lot
        3. Neither Sogal Art Auction nor the seller   personal liability to pay the purchase price,   (including frames or glass where relevant)
        provides any guarantee in relation to the   including the buyer’s premium and all   passes to the buyer at the expiration of seven
        property, which is sold in “as is” condition   applicable taxes, plus all other applicable   calendar days from the date of the sale or on
        to the buyer, except as stated in the   charges. This does not apply if the bidder is   collection by the buyer if earlier.
        Limited Warranty in paragraph 19 below.   acting as agent on behalf of an identified third
        This pertains to, but is not limited to, the   party acceptable to Sogal Art Auction and   AFTER THE SALE
        condition of the work, the authorship and   this has been explicitly agreed in writing with   9. In addition to the hammer price, the buyer
        authenticity of the work and any descriptive   Sogal Art Auction before the commencement   agrees to pay Sogal Art Auction the buyer’s
        or historical detail about the work that is   of the sale. In respect of this situation Sogal   premium (this becomes the ‘purchase price’),
        disclosed verbally or printed in the catalogue   Art Auction will only consider the principal   together with any applicable value added
        or elsewhere.                      liable for payment. Conditions in paragraph   tax (VAT), sales or compensating use tax
                                           4 apply to both the agent bidder and the   or equivalent tax in the place of sale. The
        In good faith to the buyer, signed   principal for the bid to be valid.  buyer’s premium is 10% of the hammer price.
        declarations by the seller warrant the                                The VAT, subject to Nigerian law is 5% of the
        following: (a) the seller is the owner of the   6. Absentee bids are welcome and Sogal   total purchase price.
        item, or is properly authorized by the owner   Art Auction will carry out written bids for the
        to sell the item. (b) The seller can and shall,   convenience of clients who are not present at   10. Payment must be made to Sogal Art
        in accordance with the conditions set upon   the auction in person, through the auctioneer   Auction within a period of seven (7) days after
        him by, transfer possession to the buyer   or by way of representation through an   the sale. This includes the time required to
        with good and marketable title to the item,   agent. We reserve the Right to not accept an   process cheques or to receive wire transfers.
        free from any third party Rights, claims or   absentee bid if it does not comply with any of   Failure to meet this schedule may incur the
        potential claims (including without limitation,   the following conditions:   buyer additional charges or actions, made at
        by governments or governmental agencies).   (a) the bidder is registered or submits the bid   the discretion of Sogal Art Auction. Possible
        (c) The seller has provided Sogal Art Auction   with a completed bidder registration form;   charges or actions against late- or non-
        in writing with all information concerning the   (b) the bid is made in the local currency   payment are elaborated upon in paragraph
        item’s provenance and has notified Sogal in   (c) the bid is received a minimum of 72 hours   16 below.
        writing of any concerns expressed by third   prior to the auction.
        parties concerning its ownership, condition,   Please refer to the absentee bid form on our   11. Immediately following the sale, the
        authenticity, attribution and export or import   website for clarifications.  buyer must confirm his or her name and
        history. (d) The seller has paid or will pay all   Bidders will receive a receipt of   permanent address and, if applicable, the
        taxes and duties potentially due to her on the   acknowledgement from Sogal Art Auction,   details of the bank from which payment
        sale proceeds of the item.         up to 24 hours after it is submitted and will   will be made. The buyer must pay the full
                                           further receive a confirmation that the bid   amount due (comprising the hammer price,
        3. (a) All statements by Sogal Art Auction   is accepted with a date stamp, the purpose   buyer’s premium and any applicable taxes)
        made orally or printed in the catalogue   of which is to fairly execute the following   immediately after the sale. This applies even
        entries, the condition reports or elsewhere   circumstance:           if the buyer wishes to export the lot and an
        are statements of opinion and not to be relied   If we receive written bids on a particular lot for   export license is, or may be, required for the
        on as statements of fact. Such statements   identical amounts, and at the auction these   lot. The buyer will not acquire title to the lot
        do not constitute a representation, warranty   are the highest bids on the lot, it will be sold   until all amounts due to Sogal Art Auction
        or assumption of liability by us of any kind.   to the person whose written bid was received   from the buyer have been received in good
        (b) References to damage and restoration   and accepted first.        cleared funds even in circumstances where
        are for guidance only and absence to such                             the lot has been released to the buyer.
        references does not imply that an item is   7. Reserve sale prices, indicated by the
        free from defects or restoration, nor does   owner, are included for all lots unless   12. Sogal shall be entitled to retain items sold
        a reference to particular defects imply the   otherwise indicated (by the symbol • next   until all amounts due have been received in
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