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Aerialfirefightingagainsturbanfire:Mock-uphouseexperimentsoffire supresionbyhelicopters
aabbb TadashiKonishiへ， HironoriKikugawa，YusakuIwata，HiroshiKoseki，KoheiSagae，
AkihikoItoCヲ KatsutoshiKatoa
aDepartmentofMechanicalEnginering，OitaNationα1ColegeofTechnology，Maki166ιOita870-0152，Japan bNationalResearch1nstituteofFireαndDisaster，4-35・3，ShindaijiHigashi，Chofu，Tokyo182・8508，Japan CDepartmentof1nteligentNJachineandSystemEnginering，HirosakiUniversity，3Bunkyo-cho，Hirosaki，Aomori036-8561，Japan
Received8February207;r巴ceivedinr巴visedform24October207;acepted25October207 Availableonline3December207
Abstract
TheGreatHanshinEarthquakein195claimedaproximately640lives.Themajoritywaskiledinlarge白resaftertheearthquake. Roadswerecutofandcolapsedbuildingsblockedtheacesoffireenginestofirefields.Watermainswerebrokenandlackofwater preventedfirefightingeforts.Ifaerialfirefightinghadbenefectivelyaplied，manylivescouldhavebensaved.
Inaneforttopreventsimilardisasters，theNationalResearchInstituteofFireandDisaster(NRIFD)inJapanconductedtwolarge- scaleexperimentsinordertoinvestigateadvantagesanddisadvantagesofaerialfirefightingagainsturbanfiresbyhelicoptersinTokyoin 196and197andinHokkaidoin19.
A suc ces sive experiment，which was conducted in Oita in 19 9 9，was car ried out more extensively and with the co operation of the fire departmentauthoritiesofseverallocalgovernmentsandtheJapanMinistryofDefense.Aerialfirefightingwasconductedagainst 。burningmock-uphousesthatsimulatedurbanfires.Thisreportprovidesusefuldataformakingoperationplansforfiresupresionby helicopters.
207ElsevierLtd.Alrightsreserved. KeYlVords:A巴rialfirefighting;Urbanfire;Firesupresion;Helicopter;Operationplaning
1. Introduction
Aerialfirefightingagainstforestfiresiscommonpractice throughouttheworld.TheUSDepartmentofAgriculture (USDA)ForestService，inparticular，hasbeenimproving technologiesinthisarea[1].InJapan，aerialfirefightingis cariedoutagainstforestfiresdozensoftimesayear[2-4]， andhasbeenincreasing，asmanylocalgovernmentshave beendeployinghelicopters.
Aerialfirefightinghasnotbeencariedoutagainsturban fires in Japan，because water dropping does not seem efectivewiththeroofofabuildingservingasanextinction hindrance.However，wearguethatinurbanfiresaftera greatearthquake，whenlarge-scalefiredamageisantici- pated，aerialfirefighting，especialyusinghelicopters，isthe
*Corespondingauthor.T巴1.:+8197526921;fax:+8197526975. E-mailadres:konishi@oita-ct.ac伊(T.Konishi).
0379-712j$-sefrontmater(C)207EIsevierLtd.Alrightsreserved. doi:10.1016j.firesa.f207.10.05
only pos sible hope for fire sup pres sion because of the folowingreasons.InJapaneselargecities，suchasTokyo andOsaka，manywoodenresidentialhousesarebuiltclose tooneanother.Damagedroadsandcolapsedhousesmay hinderorpreventtheacesofgroundfireenginestofire fields.Besides，firehydrantsystemsmaybedestroyedand watersupliesmayrunshort.
Afteragreatearthquake，buildingsigniteeasilydueto colapsedhousesandcombustiblesscateredonroads，and thedangeroffirespreadingincreases.Severalmodelsfor predicting the fire behaviors and the sup pres sion were previously presented [5-8]. Therefore，it may become necesary to dump water until danger of reignition disapears，requiringalongtimeforfirefightinganda greatamountofwater.
Consideringtheabove，therearetwodefectsinaerialfire fighting.Oneisthataerialfirefightingislimitedtodaytime operations，asfightsoverthemountainsandcitiesatnight