Page 57 - Stradanje i humanizam

District Court, by the Serbian writer Veljko Petrović, who was a direct participant in the events and who continuously, was explicit: typhus was brought by the Austro-Hungarian soldiers. If, given hindsight,
fought as a volunteer in the Serbian army. Doctor Andra Đurović, who took over this hospital after the the first source of the disease is undetermined, the reasons for the epidemic outbreak are quite clear.
liberation of the town from doctors Bigmeier and Czaki, mentions the hostility between the Serb and In Valjevo there were tens of thousands of prisoners whose evacuation to the interior was in
Austrian wounded, who, after unsuccessful attempts of their separation, remained in the end lying in the progress, and the winning Serbian army was moving through Valjevo with their wounded, and all that
same rooms. Other doctors in the hospital were the Czech Jan, the Pole Zbishka, and one ambulance created the most favourable conditions possible for the development of the epidemic. One has to add
officer. Doctor Andra Đurović, who had previously recovered from typhoid fever, was assisted by our also the columns of refugees returning home, passing through the town. That autumn, there was an
doctor Kalenić and a very old medic by the name of Raja. The nurses in the hospital were the sons of the incredible proliferation of lice. The soldiers of the both warring parties, during the months-long
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famous Viennese families, the son of the famous doctor Kuhrmeier, and the member of the High struggles, could not pay sufficient attention to hygiene measures or change their clothes in a timely
Council Von Hulden's son, who had unfortunately died of typhus, like many others. manner. Blankets, sheets, bandages on the wounded were scattered everywhere. Effective chemical
A set of circumstances led to there being almost exclusively the Austro-Hungarian wounded and agents for their destruction did not exist, and various mixtures and the gas for lighting which they used
sick in all the hospitals in Valjevo. Their treatment, in addition to the abandoned staff, was taken over by to apply on their skin were used as a repellent more because of their unpleasant and strong smell. The
the Serb medical staff. As long as there was someone left there, and as long as fear and the disease did lice proved to be resistant also to the boiling water, and after the clothes was boiled at 100 degrees
not prevent access to the hospitals, the citizens of Valjevo brought various supplies to the sick and Celsius, they were still alive. Even though it had already been known from the professional sources that
wounded; various gifts, new clothes, sweets, donuts and other pastries, all the things that the soldiers white lice can carry spotted fever, and even in these parts, J. Kujačić wrote about the research results of
could want and that would cheer them up. Similarly, the Serb medical staff did so too. the French physicians Charles Nicolle and Ernest Conseil, the Serbian doctors, otherwise extremely
The unexpected retreat of the Austro-Hungarian forces and bad roads had caused somewhat earlier professional and capable, were unfortunately uninformed. These studies had shown experimentally
great difficulties for the Austro-Hungarian authorities in terms of organizing the evacuation of around that typhus white lice transmitted typhus. Preoccupied by the war and the aftermaths of the Balkan wars
12,000 wounded and sick, from approximately 16,000 they had in Valjevo. The railway traffic to that were followed almost immediately by the outbreak of the Great War, and at the same time a
Obrenovac was interrupted, and the patients in sever condition could only be transported by wagons. negligible number of epidemiologists, they did not know what how this terrible disease was
Those with minor injuries and those able to walk had to leave Valjevo on foot. Almost no medical transmitted. Previously they had fought it mainly with sanitary measures. It has to be admitted that in
supplies were left, if we take into account the number of the abandoned, on the contrary, huge amounts the Serbian army there were foreigners bacteriologists, but that they were unaware of the
of food, tea, coffee and even assistance packages for the wounded were destroyed. In the Austro- aforementioned research or they did not fully believe in these claims. Such studies had been published
Hungarian hospitals, there was a large number of those suffering from typhoid, especially stomach even before, but truth be told, they had not proven experimentally as the Professor Nicolle's study.
typhoid, abandoned. At the same time, the town received a large number of prisoners, as well as Serbian What is probably the closest to the truth is that it takes some time for a research to be confirmed and
soldiers, who had already been infected with typhoid. Initially, nobody paid much attention to those to be accepted and implemented. The suffering of the Serbian people, their enormous sacrifices and the
sick. There had been typhoid cases even before, and in the Serbian army, typhoid had been observed by results in the fight against typhoid served to confirm that study. That is why it is not surprising that the
the end of October, but it had also been observed in the Austro-Hungarian army. Several diaries reveal Nobel prize for this study was awarded nearly 20 years after its publication.While recurrent typhoid
that in the military prison camps in Hungary, in October, typhoid had spread among the Serbian was even more easily transmitted than typhus, the carriers were the same. Unfortunately, the third
soldiers. Today it is difficult to determine where the infection started. Typhoid has always been present trouble in the form of stomach typhoid had already been present in the territory of Serbia. The
in the Carpathians, where some of the Austro-Hungarian army units came from, and in the regions conditions for the development of stomach typhoid, which had already been wide spread in the Austro-
towards Albania, where they also mobilized soldiers. Recurrent typhoid had been wide spread in Hungarian army, have already been described in detail. Suffice it to say that it spread through
Bosnia and Herzegovina even before, and typhus was present periodically, during the Great War. The contaminated water and food or by direct contact in unhygienic conditions. Over a hundred thousand
fact is that among the Austro-Hungarian soldiers abandoned in Valjevo the infection had assumed great people had passed through and around Valjevo on several occasions, and after the Battle at Kolubara, in
proportions, while in the Serbian ranks, it was very contained. No Serbian soldier suffering from the town and in its surrounding area, there was around 60,000 prisoners and a huge number of the
typhoid stayed in the Valjevo hospitals which were handed over on 15 November 1914. Doctor wounded. All conditions had been created for a major epidemic and it broke out. Specifically, Serbia
Tienhoven, who was very familiar with the development of the disease, and who monitored it was hit by several epidemics of typhoid which was manifested through its three aspects, spotted typhus,

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