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1 READ & NOTICE THE GRAMMAR.
A Whois the most interesting or mysterious person in your family? Think about what you know
and don’t know about this person. Tell a partner. Then read the article.
Family Exploration
You never know what you might find out about your family.
I must have been about ten years old when I first discovered
that I had a distant relative who had been an explorer. I loved
to go exploring myself. One day I went on an “expedition,” and
I must have forgotten to tell my grandmother. I couldn't have
been away for more than three hours, but she was worried.
“Pedro!” she said angrily when I came back, “Something could
have happened to you. Next time, tell me where you're going.
You must have some of my great-uncle’s blood in you!”
This is how I discovered that I am distantly related to a
man called Bruno, who knew the famous Brazilian explorer,
Candido Rondon. In fact, Bruno was one of the members of
the famous expedition in Mato Grasso in 1909. They ran out of
supplies on the long journey, and they almost didn’t survive.
Bruno never married, and he died young. I don’t know
much about him. He must have been very brave. He couldn't
have been much older than I am now when he went on his first
expedition in the Amazon. I’m not sure, but he may have gone
“4
on ten different expeditions in that area. He might have seen
tribes that had never met outsiders before.
Bruno had to have been one of the most adventurous
people in Brazil] at that time. I’m proud that he was part
of my family. 4 a 4 Candido Rondon
GRAMMAR FOCUS
In the article in exercise A, the writer uses the following modals:
must have + past participle e to express a logical conclusion
about the past
(He must have been very brave.)
might/may have + past participle e to express possibility in the past
(... he may have gone on ten
different. . .)
could not have + past participle e to express that the past action was
not possible (/ couldn't have been
away for more than. . .)
B Read the article in exercise A again. Find and underline other examples of logical
conclusions, possibilities, and impossibilities about the past.
232 MODALS: PART 2
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