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LEARN

2.1. Present Perfect

Statements
Subject + Have/Has (No?) + Past Participle

Affirmative | have visited many countries.

Negative Tom hasn't seen the photos of my trip.

Questions yay L=18)

(Wh-) + Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle

Have you visited the Arctic? No, | haven't.
i Has Paul taken many photos? Yes, he has.

Wh- What have you heard? Nothing. Why?
An explorer.
Who has he met?

Who/What + Has + Past Participle

Who or What | Who has completed the assignment? Only one student (has).
as Subject What has happened? Nothing, yet.

1. Use the present perfect for
lived in Canada
v
a. actions or events that started in the
past and continue in the present;
We have lived in Canada for a long time.

travel to Antarctica |
b. an action or event that happened at b. >
an indefinite time in the past; now
He has traveled to Antarctica.

tornado hit |
c. recently completed actions or events; | c. i
justis common with this use of the now
present perfect.
A tornado has just hit downtown.

2.Use the present perfect to connect the She has taught school for 20 years. Now she wants to
past to the present. write a book.

3. Already, always, ever, and never often The employees have already left work. It’s late.
come before the past participle. Have you ever seen a kangaroo?
Yet and so far are common at the end of She hasn't called yet. | expect the call soon.
a sentence. The speeches have been good so far. There’s one more.

34 PRESENT AND PAST: P ERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
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