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                  NPP                  Computer Basics and Windows Fundamentals                    41


                  work in parallel to  provide  computational  JUZmË_H$ XúmVm àXmZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ Bg Vah H$s XúmVm
                  efficiency which is not available on any other  {H$gr Am¡a àH$ma Ho$ H$åß`yQ>a _| Zht {_cVr h¡Ÿ& gwna
                  Computer. The memory  capacity of
                  Supercomputer  is highest. Speed of data    H$åß`yQ>am| H$s _o_moar H$s úm_Vm A{YH$V_ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& IO
                  transfer between  different IO devices  is  also  Am¡a CPU d _o_moar Ho$ _Ü` S>mQ>m Q´>m§g\$a aoQ> ^r CÀMV_
                  higher. Today's Supercomputer occupies space  hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AmOH$c Ho$ gwna H$åß`yQ>a EH$ hm°c Ho$ ~am~a
                  of the order of a Hall. SuperComputers dissipate
                  a large amount of heat. Thus, special provisions  ñWmZ KoaVo h¢Ÿ& BZ_| go AË`{YH$ D$î_m CËg{O©V hmoVr
                  must be made for their cooling. LINUX or UNIX  h¡Ÿ& AV: BZH$mo R>§S>m H$aZo hoVw {deof à~§Y H$aZo hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
                  is the most  popular operating system  of   LINUX `m UNIX Am°naoqQ>J {gñQ>_ BZ na McVo h¢Ÿ&
                  Supercomputer. The Speed of Supercomputer
                  is measured  in  FLOPS  (Floating Point     BZH$s J{V FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per
                  Operations Per Second), Higher units are:   Second) _| _mnVo h¢Ÿ& BZgo ~‹S>r BH$mB`m± {ZåZmZwgma h¢ :
                                                          12
                                              TFLOPS = 10  FLOPS (Tera FLOPS)
                                                          15
                                              PFLOPS = 10  FLOPS (Peta FLOPS)
                   1.16 Input-Output Devices                  1.16 BZnwQ>-AmCQ>nwQ> `w{º$`m±


                      Input devices are used to enter the infor-  BZnwQ> `wpŠV`m| H$s ghm`Vm go ~mhar OmZH$mar
                  mation from outside world into the computer.  H$mo H$åß`yQ>a _| àdoe H$adm`m OmVm h¡ & BZH$m H$m`©
                  The func-tion of these devices is to convert the
                  information into suitable form. Output devices  `h hmoVm h¡ {H$ ~mhar OmZH$mar H$mo H$åß`yQ>a Ho$ g_PZo
                  are used for display purpose. They are used to  `mo½` ñdê$n _| ~Xb XoZmŸ& O~{H$ AmCQ>nwQ> `wpŠV`m±
                  give results. Examples of input devices include  n[aUm_ àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ _| AmVr h¡& BZnwQ>
                  keyboard, mouse, scanner, light pen, joystick,  `wpŠV`m| Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ H$s~moS>©, _mCg, ñHo$Za, bmB©Q>noZ,
                  trackball, microphone etc. The examples of out-  Om°`pñQ>H$, Q´>oH$~mb,  _mBH«$mo\$moZ Am{XŸ&  AmCQ>nwQ>
                  put devices are monitor,  printer, plotter etc.
                  Some IO devices are described in this chapter.  `wpŠV`m| Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ _m°ZrQ>a, {à¨Q>a, ßbm°Q>a Am{XŸ&
                  IO devices are also called   peripherals.   Bg MoßQ>a _| Hw$N> IO `wpŠV`m| H$mo g_Pm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
                                                              {OÝh| no[a\o$ëg H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

                   1.17 Keyboard                              1.17 H$s~moS>©
                      The Keyboard is a basic  input device. Both  `h EH$ AmgmZr go Cn`moJ _| AmZo dmbr BZnwQ>
                  programs and data are entered into the com-  `wpŠV h¡& BgH$s ghm`Vm  go  àmoJ«m_ VWm  S>mQ>m XmoZm|
                  puter with the help of a keyboard. At the same
                  time certain commands to a  software  can be  H$åß`yQ>a _| S>mbo OmVo h¢Ÿ& gmW hr H$s~moS>© H$s ghm`Vm
                  given by a keyboard. It is similar to the key-  go Hw$N> H$_m§S> ^r H$åß`yQ>a H$mo {X`o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `h Q>mB©n-
                  board of a typewriter.                      amBQ>a Ho$ H$s~moS>© Ho$ g_mZ {XIVm h¡&

                      A keyboard consists of various keys. Each   Bg_| ~hþV gmar Hw§${O`m± (keys) hmoVr h¢ & àË`oH$
                  key is attached with a switch. This forms a key
                                                              Hw§$Or EH$ pñdM go Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZH$mo {_bmH$a EH$
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