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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA ART. 16
Nagaraj and Others v Union of India and Others, 2006(6) Kar. L.J. 529 (SC), AIR 2007 SC 71 : (2006)8 SCC 212).
Reservation of posts in promotion is dependent on the inadequacy of representation of members of the Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes and subject to the condition of ascertaining as to whether such reservation was at all required. (Suraj Bhan Meena v State of Rajasthan, AIR 2011 SC 874 : (2011)1 SCC 467).
Clause (4-A) of Article 16 is an enabling provision, gives freedom to the State to provide for reservation in matters of promotion. It applies only to SCs and STs. (U.P. Power Corporation Limited v Rajesh Kumar, AIR 2012 SC 2728 : (2012)7 SCC 1).
Article 16(4-A) will be governed by the two compelling reasons - “backwardness” and “inadequacy of representation”, as mentioned in Article 16(4-A). If the said two reasons do not exist, then the enabling provision cannot be enforced. (U.P. Power Corporation Limited v Rajesh Kumar, AIR 2012 SC 2728 : (2012)7 SCC 1).
Cadre strength has to be taken as unit for deciding inadequacy in representation reservation. (U.P. Power Corporation Limited v Rajesh Kumar, AIR 2012 SC 2728 : (2012)7 SCC 1).
Article 16(4-B) - Vacancies/posts reserved for SC/ST cannot be deserved. (Kulwinder Pal Singh v State of Punjab, AIR 2016 SC 2281 : (2016)6 SCC 532.).
Ad hoc posts under FTC Scheme — Judicial Service Rules of different States - Discussed. — Brij Mohan Lal v Union of India, (2012)6 SCC 502 : 2012 AIR SCW 3906 : 2012(3) SCJ 680.
Object of Article 16(4) explained — Indra Sawhney and Others v Union of India and Others, AIR 1993 SC 477 : 1992 Supp. (3) SCC 217.
Articles 16(1) and 16(4) - Operate in different fields — M. Nagaraj and Others v Union of India and Others, 2006(6) Kar. L.J. 529 (SC) : AIR 2007 SC 71 : (2006)8 SCC 212 : 2006 AIR SCW 5482.
Creamy Layer — Indra Sawhney v Union of India and Others, AIR 2000 SC 498 : (2000)1 SCC 168.
Ashoka Kumar Thakur v State of Bihar and Others, AIR 1996 SC 75 : (1995)5 SCC 403.
Backward Class of Citizens would include Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes — E.V. Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh and Others, AIR 2005 SC 162 : (2005)1 SCC 394 : 2004 AIR SCW 6419.
Distinct Classes of Employees — All India Station Masters’ and Assistant Station Masters’ Association, Delhi and Others v General Manager, Central Railway and Others, AIR 1960 SC 384 : 1960(2) SCR 311.
Classification on the basis of experience — State of Uttar Pradesh and Others v J.P. Chaurasia and Others, AIR 1989 SC 19 : (1989)1 SCC 121.
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