Page 21 - GBC summer 2015

Specifically; irrigation efficiency audits, cultural practices, natural- ization or dormant turf areas that are not irrigated, drought tolerant species, moisture meters, and the management of golfer expecta- tions. Volumes have been written on all of these topics, and many Professors and GCSAA extension reps make a good living travelling around the world lecturing on water conservation techniques. Allow me to summarize the life’s work of scores of researchers.
An irrigation efficiency audit, in simplest terms, is an evaluation of how effective your existing system is, at applying water evenly, and where you need it. Many short- comings in efficiency can be observed through simple observa- tion, but the best way to assess
the efficiency of a system is to physically measure the quantity and accuracy of the dispersion of irrigation water.
A series of collection vessels (small rain gauges) are distributed on a grid pattern; and irrigation water falling on the site is measured and charted. The results will expose areas that are either under watered, or over watered. Since Superintendents generally irrigate to the driest spot, in many cases, large areas are often found to be receiving far more water than they require. The audit will expose those inefficiencies in the distribution system, and dealing with those inefficiencies is the single greatest effect that a Super- intendent can have on irrigation water conservation.
CULTURAL PRACTICES
Cultural practices that can reduce the use of irrigation water include timing, thatch removal, wetting agents, and aeration. Essentially anything that allows water applied to the surface to penetrate to the root zone where the plant needs it to survive, is helpful. Subsurface irrigation techniques do exist in agriculture, and limited work has been carried out in the world of turfgrass, but presently, our only option is to put the water on top, and do what we can to help it find its way to the roots. Irrigation should always be avoided during the heat of the day, as up to 80% will be lost to evaporation.
If only the core playing surfaces of the golf course are irrigated, this will result in a reduction of total
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Of the 80 anaphylactic deaths recorded in Ontario from 1986 to 2011, 41%of the time, the persons had no known allergy.1
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EpiPen® and EpiPen® Jr (epinephrine) Auto-Injectors are indicated for the emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions in patients who are determined to be at increased risk for anaphylaxis, including individuals with a history of anaphylactic reactions. Selection of the appropriate dosage strength is determined according to patient body weight. EpiPen® and EpiPen® Jr Auto-Injectors are designed as emergency supportive therapy only. They are not a replacement for subsequent medical or hospital care. After administration, patients should seek medical attention immediately or go to the emergency room. For the next 48 hours, patients must stay within close proximity to a healthcare facility or where they can call 911. To ensure this product is right for you, always read and follow the label.
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1 Xu,YaS.,Waserman,Susan,etal.AnaphylaxisdeathsinOntario:aretrospectivereviewofcasesfrom1986to2011.Allergy,Asthma&ClinicalImmunology2012;8:(Suppl1):A8
EpiPen®, EpiPen® Jr are registered trademarks of Mylan, Inc. licensed exclusively to its wholly-owned affiliate, Mylan Specialty, L.P.; sub-licensee, Pfizer Canada Inc., Kirkland, Quebec H9J 2M5
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