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groups of twelve (a dozen). Whether true or not, the practice itself evolved as a way
            to build resilience through verbal skill.
                   The roots of the Dozens can be traced back to the oral traditions of West Africa,
            where  verbal  jousting  was  a  respected  skill.  African  societies  often  placed  great
            importance  on  linguistic  dexterity,  using  storytelling,  proverbs,  and  call-and-
            response techniques as essential tools of communication.
                   In  many  West  African  cultures,  insult  contests  and  witty  exchanges  were
            common and served both as entertainment and as a means of establishing social
            hierarchy. These contests, sometimes referred to as “verbal dueling” or “ritual insult
            exchanges,” allowed participants to prove their intelligence, composure, and ability
            to think quickly under pressure.
                   The  Dozens  typically  follows  a  back-and-forth  exchange  format,  with  each
            participant delivering a clever, cutting insult. The rules are simple but unwritten:
               •  the insults must be witty and creative rather than overly cruel.
               •  the delivery must be confident, with rhythm and humor.
               •  losing one’s temper is a sign of defeat.
               •  the ultimate goal is to entertain the crowd as much as to win the battle.
                   A common feature of the Dozens is the “Yo Mama”              joke, where the opponent’s
            mother  becomes  the  subject  of  exaggerated  and  humorous  insults.  These  jokes,
            such as “Yo mama so fat, when she steps on a scale, it says ‘to be continued’”, are
            meant to be lighthearted rather than offensive. However, the Dozens can sometimes
            escalate if participants take the jabs too personally. More examples include:
                   “Yo mama so fat, when she steps on the scale, it says ‘One at a time, please.’”
                   “Yo mama so dumb, she stared at a cup of orange juice for hours because it
            said ‘concentrate.’”
                   While  it  may  seem  disrespectful,  these  jokes  are  usually  understood  to  be
            playful rather than genuinely offensive. The goal is not to  attack but to showcase
            one’s wit and ability to outmatch an opponent verbally.
                   The tradition of the Dozens evolved as enslaved Africans were forcibly brought
            to America. Faced with dehumanization and brutality, African Americans developed
            ways to use language as a means of survival and self-preservation. Through coded
            speech, humor, and wit, they resisted oppression and maintained a sense of cultural
            identity.
                   Far from being just a game, the Dozens serves an important social function in
            the  Black  community.  It  fosters  verbal  dexterity,  quick  thinking,  and  resilience—
            qualities  that  are  essential  for  navigating  life’s  challenges.  It  also  acts  as  a  rite  of
            passage, teaching young people how to handle criticism, maintain composure under
            pressure, and engage in friendly competition.
                   Additionally,  the  Dozens  reinforces  a  sense  of  camaraderie  and  belonging.
            Engaging in the Dozens is a communal activity, and the ability to hold one’s own in
            a  verbal  battle  earns  respect  and  admiration.  This  tradition  mirrors  the  broader
            African American experience of using humor as a tool for survival, defiance, and self-
            expression.
                   The Dozens is often considered a rite of passage, teaching young people how
            to handle criticism and navigate verbal confrontations. By engaging in this tradition,
            individuals develop resilience, learning not to take words personally and to respond
            with confidence.                                                                                    528



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