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right support from an adult or peer. ZPD is seen as a metaphorical site where learners and an

interlocutor construct knowledge and the emphasis in ZPD is placed on development.

3. Criticism

A theory of learning is like a coin which has positive and negative sides. It also
happens to these theories of learning Structuralism theory, in one side, is able to make the

beginners or the young learners easily learn a certain language; on the other side, it also has
something to be criticized.

The core of the structuralism in fact is the structure. This theory of learning conveys
more learning activities which need memorization, for example: how to write and speak in

certain language properly. These give a mechanical sense to young learners so that they

cannot creatively construct sentences. Learners in fact easily understand the sentence
structure while they are difficult to speak or write creatively within a certain language they

learn.
In the other hand, sentence structure is not underlined in socio-cultural learning

theory, while the communication and the interaction are important in this theory. Therefore,
learners are supposed to communicate and interact within their environment much. As long

as the communication and the interaction happen in the process of learning, learners are

believed to develop their knowledge. As the result, learners apply a certain language as long
as to get message through a communication while it is not important whether or not learners

communicate structurally correct or not.

4. Conclusion

The structuralism learning theory was firstly brought by Saussure (1916) through his
assumption that a language can be broken down into smaller elements and each element in

the sentences exclusively correlates one into the others. This learning theory merits to the
young learners who sit in elementary or intermediate levels because the sentence structures

are quit important for them to learn a certain language, they then imitate the structure to

make sentences.
On the other side, socio-culture learning theory was firstly brought by Vygotsky

(1986) with an assumption that learning development occur as the result of interaction
within the environment of learners. In this learning theory, learners are supposed to get

much interaction with their environment to internalize the knowledge from a discussion for
example to construct a deep understanding. This merits to advanced learners because they

A comparison between Structuralism and Socio-Cultural