Page 10 - SAPEM-Chapter-10-2nd-edition-2014

South African Pavement Engineering Manual
Chapter 10: Pavement Design

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Elements of New and Rehabilitation Pavement Design ..................................................................... 4
Table 2. Definition of the Four Road Categories ........................................................................................... 8
Table 3. Recommended Material Depth for Each Road Category ................................................................. 21
Table 4. In Situ Subgrade Delineation for Flexible Pavements ..................................................................... 22
Table 5. Interpretation of Thornthwaite’s Index ......................................................................................... 22
Table 6. Recommended Minimum Paved Shoulder Widths ......................................................................... 24
Table 7. Recommended Pavement Types for Road Category and Design Traffic Class ................................... 25
Table 8. Typical Terminal Conditions and Rehabilitation Options ................................................................. 26
Table 9. Permissible Axle Loads ............................................................................................................... 28
Table 10. Suggested Values for the Relative Damage Exponent (TRH4) ........................................................ 30
Table 11. TRH4 Traffic Classes .................................................................................................................. 34
Table 12. Heavy Vehicle Classification Systems Commonly Used in South Africa ............................................. 37
Table 13. Recommended E80 (ADE) Lane Distribution Factors (B e ) ............................................................... 39
Table 14. Recommended 5 to 7 day ADE Conversion Factors (F 7/5 ) ............................................................... 40
Table 15. Adjustment for Exceptional Periods .............................................................................................. 41
Table 16. Adjustment for Seasonal Variation ............................................................................................... 42
Table 17. Recommended Traffic Growth Rates Based on Historical Data for South Africa ................................ 43
Table 18. Recommended E80/HV Values and Growth Rates for Heavy Vehicle Classes for Design Purposes ...... 43
Table 19. Equivalent Traffic Calculation for New and Rehabilitation Design .................................................... 45
Table 20. Recommended Traffic Investigation Levels for Road Categories ..................................................... 46
Table 21. Recommended E80/Axle Loading for Visual Observation Technique ................................................ 48
Table 22. Worked Example: Design Traffic Calculation using Published Data (CTO) ....................................... 52
Table 23. Framework for Rehabilitation Investigation and Design.................................................................. 55
Table 24. Percentile Levels Recommended for Data Processing for Flexible Pavements .................................. 59
Table 25. Typical Ranges of Surfacing Life for Flexible Pavements ................................................................ 67
Table 26. Typical Future Maintenance Actions for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Flexible Pavements ..................... 68
Table 27. Elastic Moduli for Asphalt Materials used in SAMDM 1996 ............................................................. 75
Table 28. Transfer Function and Constants for Asphalt Layers ...................................................................... 76
Table 29. Elastic Moduli for Granular Materials ............................................................................................ 77
Table 30. Transfer Function and Constants for Shear Failure (Granular Materials) .......................................... 78
Table 31. Revised Shear Strength Properties for Unbound Granular Materials (2008b) .................................... 80
Table 32. Elastic Moduli for Waterbound Macadam Layers ............................................................................ 81
Table 33. Transfer Function and Constants for Shear Failure (Waterbound Macadam) .................................... 82
Table 34. Elastic Moduli and Material Properties for Cemented Materials in 1996 SAMDM ................................ 84
Table 35. Transfer Functions for Cemented Materials ................................................................................... 84
Table 36. Elastic Moduli (MPa) of Subgrade Materials for the 1996 SAMDM ................................................... 85
Table 37. Transfer Functions for Subgrade and Selected Layer Permanent Deformation .................................. 86
Table 38. Stiffness Determination for the Subgrade ..................................................................................... 90
Table 39. Climate Adjustment Factors ........................................................................................................ 90
Table 40. Modular Ratio Limit, Maximum Allowed Stiffness and Base Confident Factor for Pavement Layers ..... 91
Table 41. Pavement Capacity Calculation .................................................................................................... 93
Table 42. Typical DCP Penetration Rates (DN-values) for Road-Building Materials .......................................... 95
Table 43. Layer Coefficients ...................................................................................................................... 98
Table 44. Deflection Bowl Parameters ........................................................................................................ 99
Table 45. Behaviour States for Granular Base Pavements ............................................................................ 100
Table 46. Deflection Bowl Parameter Structural Condition Rating Criteria ...................................................... 100
Table 47. Potential Application of Structural Design Methods ....................................................................... 107
Table 48. Functionality of the CYRANO Software Package ........................................................................... 108
Table 49. Functionality of the PADS series ................................................................................................. 109
Table 50. Functionality of Rubicon Toolbox ................................................................................................ 111
Table 51. Stiffness Moduli for Support Layers ............................................................................................. 113
Table 52. Typical Decision Criteria for Plain and Dowel Jointed and Continuously Reinforced Concrete ............ 117
Table 53. Potential Application of Structural Design Methods ....................................................................... 118
Table 54. Functionality of the cncPAVE Software Package ........................................................................... 119
Table 55. Summary of Various Factors of Equivalent Substitution................................................................. 120
Table 56. Functionality of the Lockpave Software Package .......................................................................... 124

Preliminary Sections
Page vii