Page 369 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford
P. 369

 When you leave school you'll have to find a job.
I've got to go for a job interview tomorrow. Going to have to is also possible.
We're going to have to repair that window.
Must can be used to give orders or instructions for the future.
You can borrow my car, but you must bring it back before ten.
Will have to can be used to 'distance' the instructions (see 436), making them
sound less like direct orders from the speaker.
You can borrow my car, but you'll have to bring it back before ten. Will need to can be used in the same way (see 366.4).
3 talking about the past: had to ... and must have . ..
Had to is used to talk about past obligation. Must have + past participle is used to express certainty about the past (see 359.4). Compare:
Edna isn't in her office. She had to go home. (= It was necessary for her to go home.)
Edna isn't in her office. She must have gone home.
(= It seems certain that she has gone home.)
4 a British-American difference: can't and must not
In American English, must not is often used when something is not logically impossible, but when there is strong evidence for believing that it is not the case. Compare:
- He only left the office five minutes ago. He can't be home yet. (It's logically
impossible that he's home.)
She's not answering the doorbell. She must not be at home. (It's not logically
impossible that she's home, but it seems pretty certain that she isn't.)
- The restaurant can't be open - the door's locked.
That restaurant must not be any good - it's always empty.
In British English, can't is normal for both meanings (though some people use must not for the 'seems pretty certain' meaning). Compare:
She walked past without saying 'Hello'. She must not have seen you.
(AmE; some British speakers.)
She walked past without saying 'Hello'. She can't have seen you.
(most British speakers.)
Note that the contracted form mustn't is rare in ArnE.
362 names: Florence, Homer etc 1 cities
The names of cities are often different in different languages - for example the capital of Denmark, K0benhavn, is called Kopenhagen in German, Copenhague in French, and Copenhagen in Italian and English. Some examples of English names for cities:
The Hague, Brussels, Antwerp, Hanover, Cologne, Munich, Vienna, Lyons (now more usually Lyon), Marseilles (now more usually Marseille), Milan, Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples, Padua, Genoa, Leghorn (now more usually Livorno), Turin, Geneva, Seville, Lisbon, Athens, Thessalonica, Prague, Warsaw, Belgrade, Moscow. St Petersburg. Bucharest. Beirut, Damascus, ~
names: Florence, Homer etc 362
page 337



































































   367   368   369   370   371