Page 413 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford

Participles used as adjectives can have objects. Note the word order. English-speaking Canadians. (NOT spmking Englim CaMdians.) a fox-hunting man Is that watch self-winding?
Other compound structures with participles are also common before nouns.
quick-growing trees government-inspired rumours home-made cake the above-mentioned point
a recently-built house
2 after nouns: the people questioned
We often use participles after nouns in order to define or identify the nouns, in the same way as we use identifying relative clauses (see 495).
We couldn't agree on any o f the problems discussed.
(= ..• the problems that were discussed.) (NOT ••• the tlisettssetl problems. )
The people questioned gave very different opinions.
(= The people who were questioned ...) (NOT The If'''e8fttmed pe6ple ...) I watched the match because I knew some ofthe people playing. (NOT •• •-the
playing Pe6ple.)
I got the only ticket left. (NOT ••• the lml}' left ticket.)
Those is often used with a participle to mean 'the ones who are/were'. Most ofthose questioned refused to answer.
Those selected will begin training on Monday.
3 differences of meaning
A few participles change their meaning according to their position. Compare:
- a concerned expression (= a worried expression)
the people concerned (= the people who are/were affected)
- an involved explanation (= a complicated explanation)
the people involved (= the same as the people concerned)
- an adopted child (;; a child who is brought up by people who are not his/her
biological parents)
the solution adopted (;; the solution that is/was chosen)
4 much or vel)' with past participles
When a past participle is part of a passive verb, we can put much or very much before it, but not very.
He's (very) much admired by his students. (NOT ••• fiery admired . ..) Britain's trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation.
(NOT ••• fiery wea1eened . ..)
When a past participle is used as an adjective, we usually prefer very. This is common with words referring to mental states, feelings and reactions.
a very frightened animal (NOT a fftf;Ce.'t frightened animal) a very shocked expression
The children were very bored.
She looked very surprised.
Common exceptions:
That's Alice, unless I'm (very) much mistaken. (NOT ••• ",nless I'm fiery
mistakeno)
He'swellknownintheartworld.(NOT ••• !fer)'fen(jftffl •••)
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