Page 115 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

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330 B.C.E.
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Paraetonium Siwah
Babylon 323 B.C.E.
Seleucia
Alexandria
Hydaspes River 326 B.C.E.
INDUS
VALLEY Patala
325 B.C.E.
Alexander’s empire Battle sites Alexander’s route
0 0
300 600 300
900 Kilometers 600 Miles
MACEDONIA Pella
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Rhodes
Granicus River 334 B.C.E.
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EGYPT
Gaza
Red Sea
Arabian Desert
ARABIA
Gedrosian Desert
Arabian Sea
Pergamum Ephesus
Ancyra
LYDIA
Issus
Cyprus
Tyre 332 B.C.E.
333 B.C.E. SYRIA
Damascus
MEDIA PARTHIA Epiphaneia
Alexandria PALESTINE (Alexander's death)
Susa
Persepolis
PERSIA
Pasargadae 324 B.C.E.
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MAP 4.1 The Conquests of Alexander the Great. In just twelve years, Alexander the Great conquered vast territories. Dominating lands from west of the Nile to east of the Indus, he brought the Persian Empire, Egypt, and much of the Middle East under his control and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world.
Q ApproximatelyhowfardidAlexanderandhistroopstravelduringthosetwelveyears?
(gaw-guh-MEE-luh), Alexander’s men were clearly out- numbered by the Persian forces, which had estab- lished the battle site on a broad, open plain where their war chariots could maneuver to best advantage. Alexander was able to break through the center of the Persian line with his heavy cavalry, followed by the in- fantry. The battle turned into a rout, although Darius managed to escape. After his victory, Alexander entered Babylon and then proceeded to the Persian capitals at Susa and Persepolis, where he acquired the Persian treasuries and took possession of vast quanti- ties of gold and silver.
By 330 B.C.E., Alexander was again on the march. After Darius was killed by one of his own men, Alexander took the title and office of the Great King of the Persians. But he was not content to rest with the spoils of the Persian Empire. During the next
three years, he moved east and northeast, as far as modern Pakistan. By the summer of 327 B.C.E., he had entered India, which at that time was divided into a number of warring states. In 326 B.C.E., Alexander and his armies arrived in the plains of northwestern India. At the Battle of the Hydaspes River, Alexander won a brutally fought battle (see the box on p. 78). When Alexander made clear his determination to march east to conquer more of India, his soldiers, weary of cam- paigning year after year, mutinied and refused to go further. Alexander acceded to their demands and agreed to return, leading his troops through southern Persia across the Gedrosian Desert, where they suf- fered heavy losses from appalling desert conditions. Alexander and the remnants of his army went to Susa and then Babylon, where he planned still more cam- paigns. But in June 323 B.C.E., weakened from
Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander 77
Caspian Sea
Gaugamela 331 B.C.E.
Aral Sea
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