Page 207 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

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SYRIA Damascus
PERSIAN EMPIRE Baghdad
Córdoba
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Sicily
Constantinople
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Islamic territory at Muhammad’s death
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Islamic expansion, 632–661 Islamic expansion, 661–750
Sahara Sea
Arrows indicate direction of expansion
MAP 7.5 The Expansion of Islam. Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, engaged in warfare against neighboring tribes. Militaristic expansion continued with great zeal under the Prophet’s successors. Islamic rule spread rapidly in the decades after Muhammad’s death, stopped finally by the Byzantine Empire and the Franks.
Q Why was the continued existence of the Byzantine Empire a key factor in stopping the spread of Islam into Europe?
CHRONOLOGY The Rise of Islam
Birth of Muhammad
Muhammad’s flight from Mecca (Hegira)
Death of Muhammad
Defeat of Byzantines at Yarmuk
Seizure of Byzantine provinces of Syria and Egypt
Defeat of Persians Invasion of Spain
ca. 570 622
632
636 640–642
650
ca. 710
Internal dissension, however, did not stop the expansion of Islam. After sweeping across North Africa, the Muslims crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and moved into Spain around 710. The Visigothic kingdom col- lapsed, and by 725, most of Spain had become a Mus- lim state with its center at C􏰀ordoba. In 732, a Muslim army, making a foray into southern France, was defeated at the Battle of Tours near Poitiers. Muslim expansion in Europe came to a halt.
Meanwhile, in 717, another Muslim force had launched a naval attack on Constantinople with the hope of destroying the Byzantine Empire. In the spring of 718, the Byzantines destroyed the Muslim fleet and saved the Byzantine Empire and indirectly Christian Europe, since the fall of Constantinople would no doubt have opened the door to Muslim invasion of eastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire and Islam now established an uneasy frontier in southern Asia Minor.
The Rise of Islam 169
son-in-law, as the true rulers, and the Sunnites, who claimed that the descendants of the Umayyads were the true caliphs. This seventh-century split in Islam has lasted to the present day.
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Black Sea
Jerusalem Alexandria
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Mecca
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