Page 350 - NGTU_paper_withoutVideo

Modern Geomatics Technologies and Applications

of pollutants in previous research were used to provide recommendations to them so that they could delay the rapid progression
of the disease to the severe stages of dementia as much as possible.
For future research, by overcoming the data privacy issues of using locational information of patients available in their
medical records and acquiring more accurate estimation of air pollution in each city, the correlation between the incidence of
Alzheimer's and cognitive impairment and the level of air pollution can be examined on a larger scale among Iranian cities. In
addition, by analyzing of a questionnaire to collect more reliable data about the approximate location of residence in each city,
this correlation can be evaluated in more detail.

5. Conclusion
In this paper, Tehran mega city and its air pollution in different districts is studied for selecting the proper districts which
are the more suitable for residing people with cognitive impairment and AD. It is proved that pollution level of the residential
areas has direct impact on the progress of the cognitive impairment. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted in
order to identify the parameters of air pollutions which has direct impact on cognitive impairment and AD progress. According
to the data collected from some specific stations, various methods suggested in order to map the air pollution for areas with no
air pollution monitoring stations. In this paper, Ordinary Kriging, which is the best approximating method with minimum Mean
Least Squares Error, as proved in [53], is selected for sorting the districts air pollution. PM10 and PM2.5 as the most effective
pollution elements which have huge impact on cognitive impairment and AD levels at different parts of Tehran is analysed.
According to the studies, Districts 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8 are the best and Districts 17, 18, 19 and 20 are the worst places for residing
cognitive impairment and AD patients. It is highly recommended to develop green spaces by the municipalities in the districts
where have the worst air pollution status for the cognitive impairment and AD patients who are not able to change their place of
residence.

6. References

[1] Prince MJ. World Alzheimer Report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost
and trends. Alzheimer's Disease International; 2015.

[2] Sharifi F, Najafi B, Fakhrzadeh H et al. A. National and sub-national trend of prevalence and burden of dementia in
Iran, from 1990 to 2013; study protocol. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2014 Dec 1;17(12):0-.

[3] Alzheimer's Association. 2017 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2017 Apr 1;13(4):325-
73.

[4] Farrer LA. Expanding the genomic roadmap of Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet Neurology. 2015 Aug 1;14(8):783-5.

[5] Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R. Cardiovascular risk factors and Alzheimer’s disease. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2004
Jul 1;6(4):261-6.

[6] Mortimer JA, Van Duijn CM, Chandra V et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-
analysis of case-control studies. International journal of epidemiology. 1991 Jan 1;20(Supplement_2):S28-35.

[7] Mayeux R, Ottman R, Tang MX et al. Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
among community‐dwelling elderly persons and their first‐degree relatives. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of
the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society. 1993 May;33(5):494-501.

[8] Killin LO, Starr JM, Shiue IJ et al. Environmental risk factors for dementia: a systematic review. BMC geriatrics. 2016
Dec;16(1):1-28.

[9] Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. The Lancet
Neurology. 2011 Sep 1;10(9):819-28.

[10] Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE et al. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of
population-based data. The Lancet Neurology. 2014 Aug 1;13(8):788-94.

6