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(3) Education: A major key to reducing women's poverty is to emphasize the importance of
higher education. Basic education, gives the ability to make informed choices and have
opportunities to achieve goals. This enables not only women to reduce household poverty,
but as well increases children's chances of education, and enhances maternal health and
freedom of movement. Although the world is making progress toward gender equality in
education, approximately one quarter of girls in the developing world do not attend school.
The strong gender discrimination and social hierarchies in these developing countries limit
women's access to basic education.
Gender implications and the social costs of poverty include the difference between the way boys and
girls get treated in households, girls not getting the education desired, dropout rates from school for
girls, the need in pushing girls to be married off quickly, girls having no right or control over fertility
and girls choosing prostitution as an escape this portrays the inequality and the difference between
the situations girls and boys suffer.
Families that are poor and are living in rural areas of Africa will send their sons to school instead of
their daughters for many different reasons. School fees will keep parents from sending their daughters
to school because they are not deemed worthy of an education. Girls are also kept home to learn how
to care for a family by doing chores, taking care of younger siblings, cooking and cleaning. Girls who
are enrolled in school have a higher chance of dropping out compared to boys due to the chance of
rape or sexual assault that could lead to an unwanted pregnancy. There are extremely high levels of
claims of professional misconduct, usually in the terms of sexual favors by females for grades. Because
of sexual harassment by students and lecturers, there is a large inequality of higher education for
females.

Q4. On which basis women are classified in working sectors?
Ans. Women workers may be classified into two broad categories:
• Those working in the organized or the formal sector;
• Those working in the unorganized or the informal sector.
This classification is based on the degree of organization and nature of problems in employment in the
sector. The difference between these two is not functional as between agriculture, industry and
services, because these functions may be found in both the sectors. According to the Committee on the
Status of Women, 1974, the real difference between them lies in the organization or production
relations, the degree of penetration of public control and regulation by data collecting agencies and
scientific investigators.
Women workers in the informal sector are an important segment of the labor force. According to an
estimate of the Shram Shakti Report, 1988, 94 % of total female workforce operated in the
unorganized sector. They are in the segment of arduous work such as piece-rate workers, casual
laborer, wage earners. The coverage of labor law is absolutely foreign to this segment and they are
deprived of equal wages, humane working conditions, maternity benefits and social security,
protection of labor legislations to name a few.
The disparity in the earnings of a regular wage/salaries’ employees and casual wage laborer in the case
of women are far more pronounced than their male counter parts in both the rural and urban areas.
Employment in the informal sector is characterized by a high degree of casual labor, low pay, long
hours of work, low skills and low productivity. There is absolutely no job security, nor social security.
Sexual harassment at work place is a major occupation hazard in this sector. Owing to the very nature
of occupation in this sector there are no trade unions to facilitate the mobilization of women workers
to fight for their rights. Inadequate legislation and ineffective enforcement of legal safeguards to
protect these women workers are other features of employment in this area. By the nature of their
activities, women workers can be classified into the following broad categories:
• home-based producers including artisans and piece rate workers
• petty vendors and hawkers
• contract labor and casual labor
• Domestic helpers, holders. Scavengers, washer women etc. e) those doing manual work like
construction labor and those working in agriculture and another primary sector
• women engaged in processing work in traditional and non-traditional areas
• On the basis of the employment status the aforesaid groups can be classified under three
broad categories:
• the self-employed
• wage earners working outside their homes (construction workers, agriculture workers etc.)
and inside homes (home-based workers) and
• unpaid family workers