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"QQPTJUJPO not

A common, economical way of linking two or more facts t Not is mainly used to make verbs negative and is often
about the same person, thing or place is to put them next to contracted to n’t:
each other in a sentence. You have not / haven’t answered my question.
That isn’t / That’s not the correct answer.
As with relative clauses, the second noun / noun phrase can She told me not to phone her after ten o’clock at night.
be defi ning or non-defi ning. He was silent, not knowing what to say.
t If it tells us who or what, no commas are used: t It can also make other words or phrases negative:
Her friend Klaus is a computer engineer. I ordered tea, not coffee.
t If it provides additional descriptive information, commas Not many people voted in yesterday’s election.
are used: Not everyone can win the lottery.
I’m going to see Bev Jackson, my maths tutor, this Not all Canadians speak French.
afternoon. Not surprisingly, he failed his driving test.
‘Can you come out?’ ‘No, I’m afraid not.
no, none, not
The passive
no
t No means not any or not even one and can be used with BSF
countable or uncountable nouns: XFSF
I have no idea what you’re talking about. BSF CFJOH
There were no cars on the road at that time of night. XFSF CFJOH
There’s no salt on the table. BSF HPJOH UP CF
t It can also be used with comparative adjectives or The goods IBWF CFFO JNQPSUFE from Italy.
adverbs and with the word different: IBE CFFO
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The traffi c is no worse today than it was yesterday. XJMM CF
I had to work late every evening last week, and so far this DBO CF
week has been no different. IBWF UP CF
NJHIU IBWF CFFO
none NVTU IBWF CFFO
t None is a pronoun which means not one or not any. It is t The passive is formed with the verb be + past participle.
usually followed by of + a plural or uncountable noun or a t Intransitive verbs (verbs with no object, e.g. appear,
pronoun: come, go) cannot be used in the passive form.
None of my friends know/knows it’s my birthday today.
None of the milk in the fridge is fresh. t There is no passive form for the present or past perfect
continuous tense or the future continuous tenses. (We do
t It can also be used on its own: not say The goods have/had been being imported or will
‘How much coffee do we have?’ ‘None (at all). We fi nished be being imported.)
it yesterday.’
We need to buy some more eggs – there are none left. We use the passive to focus attention on the person or thing
that is affected by the action of the verb:
t In formal written English none is considered to be a
singular word and is followed by a singular verb: t when the identity of the person/thing doing the action
None of my colleagues speaks Japanese. (= the agent) is unknown or unimportant:
My offi ce was broken into last night.
However, in everyday speech a plural verb is more
Tonight’s football match has been cancelled.
commonly used:
None of this morning’s fl ights have been delayed. t when it is obvious who/what the agent is:
He was arrested and charged with theft. (Only the police
can arrest and charge people.)

If we want to mention the agent in a passive sentence, we
use the preposition by:
The goods are imported by a chain of supermarkets.

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