Page 22 - Deydier VOL.2 Meiyintang Collection of Chinese Bronses

writing’ in English, since the contents of the inscriptions dealt almost Wang was the first to attempt to use material from bronze inscriptions to
exclusively with questions asked of oracles and their answers concerning the
possible auspiciousness or inauspiciousness of certain planned activities of
the ruling classes of the time.
In 1899 the ‘dragon bones’ for sale in the medicine shops drew the attention of
Wang Yirong (王懿榮) (1840 – 1900) a famous antiquarian and paleographer,
who recognized that the markings on the ‘dragon bones’ were, in fact,
inscriptions. He and other scholars, including Liu E (劉鶚) and Sun Yirang
( 孫詒讓) immediately understood that there was a relationship between these
‘oracle bone’ inscriptions and the inscriptions on Shang and Zhou dynasty
bronze ritual vessels.
Some years later in the decade between 1928 and 1938, after the overthrow
of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China, the
Archaeological Department of the National Research Institute of History and
Philology of the Academia Sinica decided to organize 15 scientific excavation
expeditions under the direction of its first director professor Li Ji to the
Anyang area of Henan province, the reported origin of these ‘dragon bones’
and the site of the ancient city of Yin, the last capital of the Shang dynasty.
Spurred on both by the impact of the discovery of what are now termed ‘oracle
bones’ and by further important discoveries made by the Academia Sinica
expeditions in Henan province, a number of Chinese and foreign scholars of
the last century continued to make great contributions to the study of ancient
bronze vessels and their inscriptions. Several of the most prominent of these
were:
- Luo Zhenyu (羅振玉) (1868 – 1940), who was one of the first to take up
the study of the newly discovered ‘oracle bone inscriptions’ (甲骨文). He
subsequently published three collections of oracle-bone inscriptions, the
Yinxu Shuqi Qianbian (殷墟書契前編), the Yinxu Shuqi Jinghua (殷墟書
契菁華) and the Yinxu Shuqi Houbian (殷墟書契後編). Luo also carried
out extensive studies on bronze vessel inscriptions. The most important
publication which resulted from his research is his, Sandai Jijin Wencun
(三代吉金文存) (Collection of Surviving Bronze Inscriptions from Three
Reigns) published in 1937, in which he recorded 4,831 inscriptions, the
largest collection of its kind recorded even up to the present. This book
remains to this day a primary reference for all specialists.
- Wang Guowei (王國維) (1877 – 1927), who became intensely interested
in bronze inscriptions after a trip to Japan with his mentor, Luo Zhenyu.
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throw fresh light on the history of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. With
information which he personally gathered from bronze inscriptions, Wang
made important contributions to the study of the early history of the
Shang and Zhou dynasties, one of which was his success in showing that
the origins of the Shang dynasty date 1,000 years earlier than had been
believed by scholars before the publication of his research. Wang also
did much to further scholars’ understanding of Western Zhou history,
geography, ritual, etc. and especially the Western Zhou calendrical system,
which made possible a more accurate dating of ancient royal reigns, bronze
inscriptions, etc.
- Guo Moruo (郭沫若) (1892 – 1978), who studied archeology and, while
adopting a Marxist view of class structure in ancient Chinese society, made
use of material on ancient bronzes to argue that Western Zhou society was
slave-based. In spite of this bias, Guo did extensive research on oracle bone
inscriptions, bronze vessel inscriptions, etc. and was the first to carry out
a systematic historical analysis and synthesis of the names of persons, the
style of writing, the shape and decoration, etc. on ancient bronze vessels,
which also made it possible to assign a certain chronology to the vessels
studied. An extremely prolific writer, Guo published many books in his
lifetime.
- Chen Mengjia (陳夢家) (1911 – 1966), who, following in the footsteps of
Guo Moruo, advanced further in developing a sound methodology, based
on certain criteria, for grouping bronze vessels into related sets, including
the many bronzes which were archaeologically excavated between the end
of WWII and the early 1950s. Chen not only placed the modern research of
ancient bronzes on a sound basis, but also especially contributed through his
research to a better understanding of Western Zhou society, government,
geography and territorial expansion during that dynasty.
One of the earliest victims of the Cultural Revolution (1966 – 1976), Chen
Mengjia took his own life in early September, 1966, tragically cutting short
a life in which he had made an extraordinary contribution to the study of
ancient Chinese bronzes and their inscriptions.
- Rong Geng (容庚) (1894 – 1983), who was interested in the study of
ancient Chinese characters from childhood, and at an early age became a
student of the eminent paleologist Luo Zhenyu (羅振玉). After graduating
from Peking University in 1926, Rong taught at a number of universities
in China. His masterwork, Jinwen Bian ( 金文編) published in 1925 has
been regarded for many years as the authoritive work on ancient bronze
inscriptions, but perhaps Rong’s most important contribution to the field
of bronze inscription studies was his Shang Zhou Qingtongqi Yiqi Tongkao
(商周青銅器彝器通考) in two volumes, one of text and one of illustrations.
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